Thursday, December 26, 2019

Fate And Fate In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight - 741 Words

Fate, many people believe in it, while others believe that it is completely untrue. There is an unstoppable force about fate, no matter what someone does fate will take its course. Throughout many stories a characters fate is illustrated at the end of the story, but sometimes their fate may have a positive or negative effect. In the epic poem Beowulf, the hero battles many enemies and at the same time discovering his destinies. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain must be able to meet his fate as he faces the Green Knight. In the tragedy Macbeth, Macbeth finds ways to try and alter his fate. Fate is portrayed in the epic poem Beowulf as he discovers his heroic destiny, in the epic poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight as Gawain is†¦show more content†¦After the incident with the Green Knight, Gawain must meet the Green knight to receive the blow from the knight. At the end of the poem, Gawain is tricked and must live the rest of his life ashamed because of his belief in a girdle that would protect him. Typically, heroes in stories feel a sense of destiny to go out and complete difficult conquests, Why should I swerve from stern and strange destiny? (3-7) . Gawain felt it was his destiny to take the Green Knights challenge and from that he learns his unexpected fate. In addition, the play by William Shakespeare Macbeth depicts the theme of fate throughout the story. Macbeth encounters three witches in the story who call him a king, All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter! (1.2, 50), confused Macbeth believes in these sayings. Macbeths fate was to be king, until he let his beliefs drive him mad. The witches then tell him that Macduff is a threat to him, Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff. Beware the thane of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough. (4.1, 73-74), he will do anything to protect himself. Fate has a role in Macbeths death after he is killed by Macduff, the witches tell him that no man born of woman will harm him but little does he know that the witchs words were twisted. Throughout the play Macbeth believes in the power of fate but at the same time he starts to alter it himself, Rather than so, come fate into the list, And champion me to th utterance! (3.1, 69-77).Show MoreRelatedBeowulf and Sir Gawain: a Comparison of Two Heroes Essa y1066 Words   |  5 PagesIn Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight there are two heroes that help the present day reader gain insight into what the hero of the Middle Ages would have held as ideals and necessary triumphs. Beowulf and Sir Gawain each fill a different role within their unique societies. Beowulf is a leader and a savior in times of need, willing to go to any length to help another group of people as well as his own kingdom. Sir Gawain is also willing to rise during moments of trouble within his courtRead MoreThe Character Development Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight873 Words   |  4 Pagesstructure. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight dramatically demonstrates how the Green Knight’s monomythic roles of the Evil Figure who is Ultimately Good, mentor, and herald contribute to the conflicts that lead to the character development of Sir Gawain throughout the poem and ultimately influence the work’s themes. Even though the Green Knight turns good at the end of the story, he still presents Gawain with a variety of difficult challenges throughout the poem that make him appear evil. The Green KnightRead MoreHeroism In Antigone And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight917 Words   |  4 Pagesdoes unordinary and brave actions, and others tend look up to them because of their heroism. In Antigone and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, there are multiple characters that embody the characteristics of a hero. Antigone is a Greek writing that exemplifies what it means to stand for what you believe in as well as having a tragic downfall due to ones own fault. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a Middle English work that precisely goes through the Hero’s Journey. The two characters in Antigone thatRead MoreThe Translation Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight By Simon Armitage Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pagesthe method of defining this complex term. It can be used to further define the motivation beh ind the actions we partake in daily, so much so that certain individuals have created text involving its complication. In the translation of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by Simon Armitage, an excellent perspective of our conscious and its major effects on our actions has been generated. With numerous definitions on conscience, we must decide between the most appropriate explanation in regards to this readingRead MoreBeowulf: The Selfless Hero Essay examples722 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a poem of bravery by one of King Arthur’s knights. Sir Gawain takes up the deed of playing a Christmas game with the challenging Green Knight. The Green Knight takes a blow from an ax at the hand of Sir Gawain, and in one year and one day, the Green Knight is to reciprocate the action to Sir Gawain. While Sir Gawain was heroic in his deed, Beowulf shows a certain selflessness in his bouts makes him a better hero than Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain was heroicRead MoreThe Art of Courtly Love, Consolation of Philosophy, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1454 Words   |  6 PagesThe Art of Courtly Love, Consolation of Philosophy, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Part 1: Consolation of Philosophy, written by Boethius 1. Boethius was a popular member of the senatorial family. He was a philosopher that agreed with Plato that government should be solely in the hands of wise men. After becoming consul, charges of treason were brought against him. He lived in a time in Roman society when everyone was mainly Christian. He was an Arian Christian and believed that ChristRead MorePaganism In Beowulf1683 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Christ-like manner,† for the benefit of all people. Although his yearning for fame and glory demonstrate that he is as flawed as any mortal, the concession of his own life was reminiscent of Christ. Beowulf accepted his fate and the end of his life adhered with the acceptance of Christ’s own fate. Although these differences of religious ideologies may, on the surface, seem as a conflict of interests, they work harmoniously to craft an entertaining tale. This collision of religious principles was indicativeRead MoreSir Gawain Essay784 Words   |  4 Pages Sir Gawain Essay In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Sir Gawain continuously proves his knightly virtues and code of honor. Chivalry includes bravery, honor, and courtesy. He proves that he is in fact a real; Knight. He shows his bravery by shying away from nothing and no one. He proves his honor and courtesy to everyone he meets by showing respect to all whether he receives it back or not. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sir Gawain shows his bravery the first moment he has the chance to, whenRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight927 Words   |  4 PagesBoth Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Franklin’s Tale are set in a world where the laws of nature and order are turned upside down through the use of magic. In this Medieval world, death is escaped, men have the ability to shapeshift, and the impossible becomes entirely possible. What the Christian God set as earthly law, magic, created by the devil himself, subverts into illogical manifestations. Through their works, the authors of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Franklin’s Tale portrayRead MoreFate Or Free Will Controls Human Lives1609 Words   |  7 PagesGenerally, fate refers to the development of events beyond a person’s control (Aurobindo). As such, a fatalist is a person who believes that whatever happens is, and always was, unavoidable. Moreover, such a person strongly believes that he or she has no control over what happens the next moment, tomorrow, next year, or several years to come. Free will, on the other hand, is formed by the power of sanction (Aurobindo). In other words, it is consent by the spirit that it shall not be bound but that

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

What Brought on the Financial Crisis of 2008 - 737 Words

There are many different views as to what brought on the financial crisis of 2008. One of these views are that of global imbalances. On the one hand, the United States have an extremely large current account deficit. On the other, there are countries, especially oil-exporting economies and China in particular, with large current account surpluses. The concept of global or external imbalances is often seen as a synonym for this situation. The definition of global imbalances is often vague. There is not one clear definition as it tends to oscillate between different views and can thus be defined in a number of ways. Chinn M.D (2013:68) interprets it as relating to international relationships, which include the private financial account, the current account, or official reserves transactions. Though global imbalances are usually associated with the current account, Chinn specifies that it does not necessarily refer to the current account but actually the rather large degree of the current account balances in absolute values. According to Bracke, et al., (2008:12), global imbalances can be defined as â€Å"External positions of systemically important economies that reflect distortions or entail risks for the global economy.† This definition is then broken up to explain the concept in more detail. According to Bracke, et al., (2008:12), the â€Å"external positions† refer to both the current account balances as well as the financial positions. â€Å"Systemically important economies† refer toShow MoreRelatedLehman Brothers Case Study1703 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States was the 2008 Lehman Brother’s case. A numerous amount of the general public lost their employment, while investors lost their money during this crisis. 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BernankeRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Is Considered By Many People As One Of The Worst Recession Since The Great Depression Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe 2008 Financial Crisis is considered by many people as one of the worst recession since the Great Depression that occurred fr om 1929-1939. The loss for that week was an astounding $30 billion. This was ten times more than the annual federal budget and far more than the U.S. had spent in WWI (30B dollars would be equivalent to $377,587,032,770.41 today). Additionally after posing a huge effect on the U.S economy, the financial crisis expanded to Europe and the rest of the world. It brought downRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-2008928 Words   |  4 PagesDefine: Introduction The Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 was considered to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression in the decade preceding World War II. The Global Financial Crisis threatened large range of the financial organizations. Although the central banks and other banks were trying to keep away from the crisis, the stock market still suffered a huge decline internationally. Other than the global stock market, the house market was also influenced greatly, causing the unemploymentRead MoreFinancial Crisis After The Great Depression1229 Words   |  5 Pages2008 Financial Crisis Not since the great depression was there such a devastating economic crisis as the 2008 financial crisis. A crisis rooted from the burst of the housing bubble in the U.S. thus leading to the government being brought down, ruined economies, crumbled financial corporations and impoverish lives of numerous individuals. As reported in McClean and Nocera’s All the Devils Are Here: The Hidden History of the Financial Crisis, â€Å"the seeds of [the] financial disaster were sown more thanRead MoreDeterminants Of The Crisis Of Colander s A Manifesto For Economic Sense1439 Words   |  6 Pagesnumerous determinants that resulted in the Financial Crisis of 2008, wage stagnation for the majority of Americans and increasing income inequality are among the most influential. The housing bubble that was fueled by subprime lending and indebtedness was a subsequent result of these two determinants. This essay will analyze the two factors (income inequality and wage stagnation) that contributed to the onset of the crisis, factors that are prolonging the crisis--expressed from the position of Colander’sRead MoreThe Economic Crisis Of The United States1680 Words   |  7 Pages Although the global economic crisis in 2008 occurred in many countries around the world, it was originally initiated by the United States of America. Being as though the United States is one of the world s most hegemonies countries after its economy suffered from an immense downturn many smaller countries were affected, most specifically the Caribbean. Many countries within the Caribbean were affected greatly by the recession due to the fact that most of their gross domestic product comes fromRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis : The Fall Of Lehman Brothers1250 Words   |  5 PagesBrothers in 2008 as the major factor for the economic downturns leading to the Global Financial Crisis, or 2008 financial crisis, proves this point. Started from the irresponsible handling of mortgages of consumers, the prices of houses in America sank. Interest rates fell while capital ratios became lax. It was a case of impending Great Depression. Given its role of lending funds and providing technical assistance, IMF extended its help to adversely affected countries of the 2008 financial crisis. WhenRead MoreFinancial Crisis : The Fiscal Crisis1355 Words   |  6 Pagessecond week of October in 2008 was the worst week for stock market during 75 years, Buckley (2011) state that the worst record was the Dow Jones Industrial Averages dropped 22.1%, but it fell 44.3% then. In general, a financial crisis is not an accident; it may take several years and has complex and interlaced causes (Claessens and Kodres, 2014). The 2007-08 global financial crisis is a typical case due to long-term non-intervention policy and loose regulation for financial market from government.Read MoreThe Wall Street Meltdown1627 Words   |  6 PagesThe Wall Street Meltdown The Meltdown is a PBS special on the events of the financial crisis of 2008, in a timeline format, revealing the thinking behind decisions made during the fateful months before the stock market crash in August of that year. Some financial gurus on Wall Street devised a plan to bundle several mortgages together into a group, and then selling that bundle to another group of investors looking to invest in securities. The lender did not need to earn money from the loans he

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Conscience of Antebellum Protestantism †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Conscience of Antebellum Protestantism. Answer: Introduction The Zwinglis programme of church reform is a Switzerland religious movement propagated by Ulrich Zwingli. The programme, majorly protestant, was meant to cleanse the church owing to the deviation from the traditional norms. After launching the reformation, Zwingli gained support from Mark Reust and a majority population from Zurich. Although Zwingli died before fulfilling his dreams, his followers spread his ideologies in Europe, England and later in America. Zwingli is an example of the unnoticed figures who lonely rose up against the tyranny of the Roman Catholic Churches in the 16th century. The reforms were prompted by the insight that corruption had robbed the Roman Catholic the integrity at the end of the middle ages. The reformation in Switzerland came just after the reformations in German by Martin Luther. Unlike the Reformation in England, Zwingli's reformation was more radical. Just like in German, the Reformation was founded as a religious revitalization movement but unfor tunately ended in a profound political dissection between the cities of the western, northern and the conservative countryside regions of the central Switzerland.[1] The religious reformation was majorly characterized by an emphasis on the personal relationship with God.[2] Zwingli taught that the issue of salvation was a solely reserved act for God. It could never occur as a result of earthly intercessions by the Vatican or the other religious authority. Also, some significant mysteries of the faith' were overlooked including The Annunciation of the Virgin, The Immaculate Conception and The Transfiguration of Christ. The Zwinglis programme of church reform was not only tied to spiritual beliefs but also political alignments. Zwinglis religion was founded on the supposition that the church and the society are intertwined and thus are both inseparable.[3] Since the church proceedings affected the society, the decisions about the reformation would be based on the consultations with the municipal councils. Those who spearheaded the reformation highly relied on the support of the political institutions. Ideally, the church is a sub-community existing in a large society, and thus a good rapport was emphasized to ensure good coexistence. However, John Calvin, a major follower of Zwingli, wanted to limit the authority of the magistrate over the church affairs. The closeness between the church and the community has however remained intact Switzerland although at different degrees in various cantons. The reformation movement was also characterized by the rise of the Anabaptists. A breach emerged among the companions of Zwingli over the query of baptism and the intrusion of the government in the church. Zwingli and the magistrate of Zurich used violent means to repress the Anabaptists.[4] The Anabaptist movement suffered maltreatment for centuries. This opposed to his teachings, and thus people questioned his integrity. Zwingli's studies in the renaissance humanist tradition explain why he preached against injustices and the ranks in church. When he went to live in Zurich, he widened his scope of criticism to cover the political topics. He particularly condemned mercenary business which favored the entrepreneurs, businessmen, and the guilds. After the establishment of the reformed church by Huldreich Zwingli, John Calvin rose in power to propel the new religion. The churches practicing Calvinism only survived in the areas where they had a strong state support. During this time, the church was intimately tied to the state. It was believed that for a state to be powerful, the citizens had to be homogenous. Allowing different religious systems to thrive in a single state meant diverse beliefs, and thus this could definitely lead to a divisive state. This could lead to internal conflicts within the state. John Calvin established a Calvinist state which would serve as a training center for all preachers aiming to create religions in the northern Europe. John Knox, the founder of the Presbyterianism in Scotland, was a follower of Calvinism. The reformation embedded in Calvinism strictly emphasized an upright moral conduct and overall righteousness.[5] Calvinism also preached on the need to get rid of much of the hierarchy in the Catholic Church. Popes and Bishops were dismissed, and the congregation was charged with the responsibility to choose their preachers from a team of trained and qualified individuals. The Reformed Churches were majorly run by the individual congregations through governing boards. The act of the Church putting their control in the hands of parishioners was blamed to have aided in generating republican forms of governments by acclimatizing individual people to the assumption that they had a choice and could seek a seat on the local board. Challenges Addressed by Zwingli and fellow Church Reformers The Church Reformation headed by Zwingli was majorly a protest against the Roman Catholic faith.[6] Therefore Rome did not set a blind eye on this. They responded by launching a Counter-Reformation. The resistance to the Reformation started in Spain. Spain, being a country that strongly identified with the Catholic faith, felt offended and protested as a form of patriotism and loyalty to the faith. Just like the protestant Churches gained support in the northern Europe, the Catholics were much backed up by the Spanish kings since the king oversaw the slotting of bishops. This was a blow to the church reformers. Cardinal Ximenes took a move to improve the morality and the education of the Spanish clergy.[7] The Spanish movement was, however, suppressive and led to the rise of the famed inquisition. Any slight deviation from the dictates of the faith was prohibited and at times could attract torture. The monks began to give sermons on the cleansing of the Church and the return to the initial piety. The Papacy of Paul in 1534 preached on the repositioning of the Church from worldliness. Ignatius Loyola was one of the most influential agents of the Catholic faith. Loyola, after he was wounded in the battle of Spain became devotedly religious and wrote a book that formed a basis of the formation of The Society of Jesus.[8]This organization was a perfect plan for the return of the protestant groups to the Catholic faith. It proved successful in some areas. The return to the Catholic faith robbed the Reformed church its converts which would be a major drawback. Zwingli and his followers had to sta nd firm in order to defend the fate of the new faith. In 1529, various reformation movements had taken the world in the race to purify the Church.[9] The leaders of the Reformation all knew one another. Zwingli knew Martin Luther and also praised him publicly. Zwingli referred to Luther as a Hercules and a faithful David who was ready to fight the Lords battles.[10] All the reformists worked in tough political circumstances. However, they were not always in good terms with each other. Although Zwingli saw favor in the eyes of the city council, a group the Anabaptists (radical reformers) attacked him. The Anabaptists argued that Zwingli did not observe the biblical teachings especially in line with the nature of the church and the participants for baptism.[11] Ideally, it would have been more sensible if all the three centers of reformation came together to form a single reformation front. They could have emerged stronger and successful. Baucer tried to bring the reformists together but failed in the mission. They held different ideologi es concerning the interpretation of some parts of the bible. In a unification conference in Marburg Castle, German, reformists differed terribly on the debate of the nature of Jesus Christs presence in the Lords Supper.[12] Such incidents could possibly draw willing converts back. The religious reformists faced resistance in some states.[13] Although the reformation spread all over in Switzerland, some Cantons resisted and chose to remain in the Roman Catholic Church. Zwingli had formed an organization that comprised of the reformed cantons which led to a division of the cantons in religious lines. The public did not receive them warmly, and at times they maltreated them. This would at times be severe to include physical torture. The process of luring supporters to join their faith was not an easy task. The reformists were resisted even more when the public realized that they themselves had internal differences. The believers from the Roman Catholic would not be easily convinced to forgo their united faith to join a divisive religion. Conclusion The religious reformations that have taken place in the past have proved to be divisive in nature and have threatened the peace of both the believers and the non-believers. It is notable that the sources of the divisions are majorly due to different views on the interpretation of the scriptures. In the contemporary world, the divisions over sacraments are unrealistic. With the advancing Islam, the radical secularism and the fervent anti-theism, the least the Christians can do is to argue over tertiary themes such as the Lord's Supper and baptism. They should rather unite to form a single reformation front. Precisely, the different faiths are just alternative paths leading to a common destination. Perhaps, the Church should be a bit lenient to allow varied interpretations of the scripture. If the churches engage it this way, the breach will end creating a better understanding. References Burns, Arthur. "Standing in the old ways: historical legitimation of Church reform in the Church of England, c. 182565." Studies in Church History 33 (2010-422): 407. McNally, Robert E. "The Council of Trent, The Spiritual Exercises, and The Catholic Reform." Church History 34, no. 1 (2009): 36-38. Michael, Sean. Why Didn't the Reformers Unite? October 13, 2016. https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/why-didnt-the-reformers-unite (accessed September 23, 2017). Moorhead, James H. "Social Reform and the Divided Conscience of Antebellum Protestantism." Church History 48, no. 4 (2012): 417-420. Naismith, Rory. "Kings, crisis and coinage reforms in the mid-eighth century." Early Medieval Europe 20, no. 3 (2012): 291-332. Porter, Roger. What did Huldrych Zwingli achieve for the? Adelaide: Flinders University, 2012. Rennie, Kriston R. "Weapons of Reform: Gregory VII, Armenia, and the Liturgy." Church History 81, no. 2 (2012): 328-347. Rowell, S. C. "Church Court Records as Evidence for the Christianisation of Lithuanian Society in the Late-15th and Early-16th Century." Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis 29, no. 1 (2015). Rowell, S. C. "Church Court Records as Evidence for the Christianisation of Lithuanian Society in the Late-15th and Early-16th Century." Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis 29, no. 1 (2015): 22-34. Tavard, George H. "The Catholic Reform In The Sixteenth Century." Church History 26, no. 3 (2010): 275. Tremp, Kathrin Utz. "Preachers by Night. The Waldensian Barbes (15th16th century)." Church History and Religious Culture 90, no. 1 (2010): 102-104.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Stellar Remnants Essay Example

Stellar Remnants Essay There is as yet no comprehensive theory to describe the final stages of evolution of a star: the formation of a white dwarf, the collapse to a neutron star or black hole, or the total disruption of a star by thermonuclear detonation. There is no clear and consistent transition from the equilibrium stages of evolution, as described by a stellar evolutionary track on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, to the final thermonuclear detonation or collapse of the core†¦- T. A. Lozinskaya, American Institute of Physics (1992 : 115)White dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes are born when normal stars dies, that is, when most of their nuclear fuel has been consumed. A solar mass star spends about 1010 years on the main sequence, during which time hydrogen fusion (into helium) provides its energy source. Eventually, the amount of H in the core becomes depleted, much of the initial H having been converted into He. As the scale of proton-proton fusion (i.e., hydrogen burning) diminishes, the equilibrium between the forces of gravity and the radiation pressure within a star is upset and the core contracts under gravity. As gravity takes over, the core temperature rises (Rose 1998).The evolution of stars accelerates when they near the end of their lives as normal stars, with their structure undergoing radical changes. As the core becomes smaller and heats up, the outside of the star cools and expands. During these final stages, a significant fraction of the mass of these stars, enriched with heavy elements generated in their interiors, is dispersed into surrounding space. The ejected gas, mixed with local interstellar medium can then be recycled to form new stars and planetary systems. Left behind is a compact stellar remnant — a white dwarf, with a radius 100 times smaller than that of the Sun; or a neutron star, with a radius 1,000 times smaller; or a black hole, with an effective radius that is several times smaller yet though its mass is comparable to that of a neutron star. Stellar remnant is thus a collective term used to describe the exotic objects that are left when a high mass star or a low mass star dies: white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes (Fields et al., 1998).Stellar objects can in fact be more exotic than we know them to be. For instance, most of the mass of any galaxy is dominated by a component concentrated at the center of the galaxy. This nucleus dominates the galaxy’s dynamics throughout, and is known as the dark matter halo. The mysterious dark matter halo is the single largest part of the Galaxy, covering the space between 100,000 light-years to 300,000 light-years from the galactic center. Scientists often speculate on the possibility of this dark matter being made up of stellar remnants, such as primordial white dwarfs (Silk 1993). On the other hand, Massive Compact Halo Objects, or MACHOs, are surmised to exist in huge numbers in vast halos surrounding galaxies, presumably accounting for much of the missing matter of the galaxies. Stellar remnants are again sometimes considered to be possible candidates for MACHOS (Graff et al, 1999). In short, there are grounds to believe that the mysterious missing matter of universe is at least in part made up of dying stars, although there are growing indications pointing in other directions.Stellar death need not be regarded as the endpoint of a star, most commonly it denotes a very dynamic and intriguing final phase of a star’s life cycle, representing a metamorphosis in which stars that had been powered by nuclear reactions are reborn as â€Å"compact objects.† The evolution and eventual fate of stars in the late stages of their lives are critically dependent on the amount of matter they have at birth. Most stars with a mass more than about eight times that of the Sun end their lives in the titanic explosion of a supernova. The stellar remnants are neutron stars or black holes. Stars less massive than about eight times the mass of the Sun evolve into red giants, so large that at the position of the Sun they would envelop the orbit of Earth. Their distended envelopes, or the planetary nebulae, are ejected soon afterward. The stellar remnants in this case are white dwarfs. On occasions, white dwarfs themselves can lead to supernova explosions and result in neutron stars.Becoming these small dense spheres of degenerate matter that slowly cool and radiate heat, most stars end their lives. However, these fantastic star remnants have a â€Å"pulsating† life of their own. Besides their exceedingly small size, the most fundamental way in which the three species of dead stars or stellar remnants differ from normal stars is that they do not burn nuclear fuel, and cannot support themselves against gravitational collapse by generating thermal pressure. In an ordinary gas, the pressure depends on the density and on the temperature. At very high densities, a mutual repulsion develops between electrons. This repulsi on is not due to the classical behavior of their electrical charge: rather, it is due to their quantum mechanical properties. This repulsion produces an additional pressure, the so-called degenerate pressure, which depends on the density alone, not the temperature. Thus, the material can be heated without expanding, and can be cooled without shrinking. The degenerate pressure halts the gravitational collapse, like the ideal gas pressure, with one significant difference: when material is added, the gravity of the star increases, but the increase in the degenerate pressure is not as high as in ordinary matter. Therefore, the star shrinks. The higher the mass of a degenerate star, the smaller its volume.White dwarfs are supported by the pressure of degenerate electrons, while neutron stars are supported largely by the pressure of degenerate neutrons. Electrons degenerate when the density equals to 109 kg/m3. Neutrons are degenerate when the density equals to 1018 kg / m3. Black holes, on the other hand, are completely collapsed stars — that is, stars that could not find any means to hold back the inward pull of gravity and therefore collapsed to singularities (Tayler 2004).White DwarfsMedium-sized stars, such as the sun, eventually consume all of the nuclear fuel available. A star of mass in the range of 1 to 8 solar masses collapses at the core when all the protons in the core have been fused into helium nuclei. The core temperature rises enabling the helium nuclei to fuse into heavier nuclei. The core keeps shrinking and becoming hotter, while the surface expands. Hydrogen nuclei (i.e., protons) surrounding the core start to fuse and the outer layers of the star expand and cool. The star swells out to become a red giant. In the very last stage of its life as a star, the core collapses into a white dwarf, while the remaining hydrogen drifts away into a shell of gas as a â€Å"planetary nebula.† The core contracts until electron degeneracy pressure provides the support against gravity, after which the star does not shrink as it cools.White dwarfs evolve from the central stars of these so-called planetary nebulae, and their final mass depends on the original mass their main-sequence stars. For a star of one solar mass, the resulting white dwarf is of about 0.6 solar masses, compressed into approximately the volume of the Earth. If the progenitor star was 2-8 MSun, the white dwarf would be 0.7-1.4 MSun. For stars less than twice the suns mass, the corresponding white dwarf mass is 0.6-0.7 sun mass. For stars less than the mass of sun, the final white dwarf mass would be less than 0.6 sun mass.White dwarfs are hot (~10,000 K), low luminosity stars composed mainly of carbon, helium, neon, magnesium and other elements. The stars’ light comes from the trapped residual heat. The temperatures in the star, however, are not hot enough to have carbon and oxygen burn, as a result no further nuclear reactions occur. The exact chemic al composition of the white dwarfs varies from one to another, depending upon the original mass of the progenitor star. A white dwarf is composed chiefly of carbon and oxygen if the progenitor star is approximately of sun’s mass and is therefore unable to ignite carbon fusion. A white dwarf is composed chiefly of oxygen, neon, and magnesium, when the progenitor star is of a few solar masses, and capable of setting off carbon fusion to form magnesium, neon, and smaller amounts of other elements. White dwarfs are very dim. The luminosities of the central stars of planetary nebulae drop rapidly as they evolve into white-dwarf end-state (Rose 1998). The luminosity of these white dwarfs appears to be particularly low also because their surface is small. Although they are relatively easy to discover, follow-up observations to discover their astrophysical properties require gigantic telescopes (Luyten 1971).The electrons in white dwarfs are degenerate, and therefore the more mass th ere is in the white dwarf, the smaller the radius. For example, for O.5 MSun, the radius is 1.5 REarth, and for 1.0 MSun, the radius becomes 0.9 REarth. The largest possible white dwarf mass is 1.4 MSun. This is called the Chandrasekhar limit, and is the most mass that the electron degenerate core can support without collapsing under its own gravity. A white dwarf star is unstable if it exceeds 1.4 MSun. This upper limit on its mass represents the maximum possible density of matter above which electrons and protons fuse to form neutrons. A white dwarf star of mass below 1.4 MSun might accrete matter due to its intense gravity from the surrounding space or it might draw matter in from it companion if it is a binary star. If this process of accretion causes its mass to reach 1.4 MSun, an outburst of energy and matter is caused as the star overheats due to the interaction between its electrons and protons. As white dwarfs mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit, the electron degeneracy pr essure fails due to electron capture and the star collapses and explodes into a Type I supernova. In the collapse, electrons and protons combine in the core to form neutrons. Nuclei in the outer layers absorb neutrons to form heavier nuclei before the outer layers are thrown off by the collapsing core. This process would result in the formation of a neutron star (Tayler 2004).Except in the aforementioned scenario, white dwarfs are stable. Once a white dwarf forms, it begins to cool off, but the degenerate pressure inside does not drop and the star does not shrink on cooling. The stability of the white dwarf is the outcome of the inward pull of gravity being balanced by the degeneracy pressure of the stars electrons. With no fuel left to burn, the star radiates its remaining heat into space for billions of years. As the star cools, its luminosity decreases, and this process slows over time, so that the dimmer the star gets, the slower it gets dimmer. The correspondence between the lu minosity and the age for a 0.6 MSun white dwarf would   go as follows: 0.1 LSun at 20 million years, 0.01 LSun at 300 million years, 0.001 LSun at 1 billion years and 0.0001 LSun at 6 billion years. At 6 billion years, although the temperature (and therefore the color) of the white dwarf is about the same as the Suns surface, the luminosity would be much less, because this star, or rather stellar remnant, is so tiny in size. The faintest observed white dwarfs are therefore very old (Mestel, Koester   Salpeter 1992). Eventually white dwarfs would fade off, perhaps becoming part of dark matter.Neutron Stars, Pulsars, and Black HolesA neutron star is the core of a supernova remnant and is a million times denser than the Earth. Neutron stars rotate rapidly, some of them emitting radio waves in oppositely directed beams that sweep round as the star rotates. Main-sequence stars with mass in the range of 8-25 MSun become supernovae (Type II), lose a lot of their envelope, and leave a degenerate neutron core behind. A supernova is an extremely violent event, producing a colossal outburst of light which decays with a half-life of about 80 days. The star is literally blown apart, leaving a core that may consist of a neutron star or a black hole, or, in some cases it may get blown apart completely leaving nothing behind. Neutron stars and black holes are thus the compact stellar remnants that form from the most massive stars (Wijers et al., 1998). Neutron stars are the extremely dense cores of dead stars composed only of neutrons. It is estimated that there are 105 active and 108 defunct neutron stars in the Galaxy (Lorimer et al., 1993) Like white dwarfs, neutron stars also get smaller when they are more massive. For example, a 0.7 MSun neutron star has a radius of 10 km. The maximum mass of a neutron star is assumed to be between 1.5 and 2.7 MSun.Neutron stars collapse from larger stars, and during that collapse, angular momentum must be conserved. Therefore, the stars are rotating very rapidly. Occasionally, a pulsar suddenly increases its rate of rotation, causing its period to jump in a so-called glitch. This occurs when a pulsar suddenly contract, just as when a spinning ice skater pulls his or her arms in. Pulsars also have large magnetic fields — a trillion times stronger than Earths — due to the collapse and compression of the original magnetic field of the star. The axis of a neutron star’s strong magnetic field is not necessarily the same as the axis of its rotation. Neutron stars become pulsars when the magnetic field axis is not aligned with the rotation axis. A pulsar is a rapidly rotating neutron star, created as the stellar remnant during a Type II supernova explosion of a massive star (Gotthelf, Vasisht 1998). Along the magnetic field lines that come out of the poles of these pulsars are many spiraling charged particles, which emit radiation. Each time the beam sweeps past the Earth, a radio pulse is detec ted. The period of a pulsar, or the gap between two pulses, is most commonly less than a second, though it typically ranges from 0.25 to 2 seconds (Sturrock 1971). Each pulse lasts on the order of a few microseconds. A typical pulsar is of the order of less than 100 km in diameter and with a mass of about two suns. All pulsars would gradually slow down. This is evident from the gradual increase of the period of a pulsar.A supernova event can either lead to a neutron star or a black hole. If the mass of the stellar remnant is very high, no physical process can provide support against the gravitational collapse (Padmanabhan 2000). The neutron degeneracy pressure will be insufficient to prevent collapse below the Schwarzschild radius. Schwarzchild radius is the critical radius at which singularity occurs and for mass M, this radius Rs is given byRs = 2GM/ c2If an object is completely contained within its Schwarzchild radius, a singularity will occur (Kenyon 1990).   In the case of a massive star, it will form a black hole and is likely to exert a very strong gravitational influence on its surroundings. The mass at which the stellar remnant becomes a black hole is not known with certainty, but is estimated at between 2 and 3 solar masses. Once a black hole has formed, and after all the stellar matter has disappeared into the singularity, the geometry of space-time itself continues to collapse towards the singularity (Luminet 1998). A black hole is, by definition, a region in spacetime in which the gravitational field is so strong that it precludes even light from escaping to infinity. Black holes arise because gravity affects the way light waves travel through space. Einsteins general relativity both predicted black holes and is employed to the full in the description of black holes.Black holes are objects who properties are absolutely fantastic. The properties of space and time are changed inside the black hole in a most puzzling manner.The black holes of natur e are the most perfect macroscopic objects there are in the universe: the only elements in their construction are our concepts of space and time. And since the general theory of relativity provides only a single unique family of solutions for their descriptions, they are the simples objects as well. (Chandrasekhar 1992 : 1)Space and time get coiled into what resembles a funnel, with a boundary deep inside it (event horizon) beyond which both time and space break down into quanta. Black holes are also the most grandiose energy sources of the universe. It is most likely that what we observe in remote quasars and in the exploding nuclei of galaxies are manifestations of black holes. There is considerable evidence for the presence of massive black holes in the center of active galaxies (Collmar Schonfelder 1998). Massive black holes in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) accrete matter from their environments, converting gravitational energy to electromagnetic energy. However, the case for m assive black holes being present at the center of most galaxies is not yet watertight (Maoz 1998).In the same way as black holes which can be paradoxically regarded as the most complex and yet most simple objects existing in space and time, the stellar remnants that are usually regarded as the dying embers of the fires that were once living stars happen to be some of the most active, dynamic and extreme objects in the known universe. Even if they do not account for the dark matter of the universe, these compact astronomical objects continue to be some of the most mysterious entities imaginable. The study of them has yet to reveal us greater secrets in the years to come.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Graphical User Interface Autism Children And Young People Essay Essays

Graphical User Interface Autism Children And Young People Essay Essays Graphical User Interface Autism Children And Young People Essay Essay Graphical User Interface Autism Children And Young People Essay Essay For the first subdivision of reappraisal of the autism, there is tonss of of import information that we gathered about the autism that in a manner helps the research. In this research the chief mark is to assist the autistic kids intervention with aid of the android automatons which are presently use NAO automaton as the chief tool. There will be some account will be covered in this subdivision about the autism. What is autism? The term of autism are already used since 100 twelvemonth ago. This word is come from the Greek word car where it s average ego . This term are used to advert the personal features of individual with this ability where ever by themselves all the clip without doing a societal interaction with others. In 1908, Eugen Bleuler was utilizing this term for patients with symptoms of schizophrenic disorder where the symptoms are somewhat same as autism. Then the head-shrinker from America, Leo Kanner began to utilize the term of autism for the kids that he studied where to explicate the behavior of the kids which is got a job with the societal interaction. After that, Hans Asperger was written about a group of kids he called autistic sociopaths because the kids he studied are resembled with what feature of the kid describe by Leo Kanner. But for the instance that he surveies the most of the patient that are among of the individual that got the ability same as the autistic individual, bu t in term of the intelligence they by and large got the normal as others individual and for linguistic communication development are near to the normal individual. In the other word it can be describe that this individual are better than individual with the autism in their ability map. From that he named the symptom as the Asperger s syndrome [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . : Not everyone knows these sort of symptom even though it already existed long clip ago. It is some sort of encephalon developmental disablement. Largely this symptom will consequence to individual s normal encephalon map and besides the communicating include societal interaction accomplishment that supposed to be needed for themselves for confronting all the challenge in their whole life. Peoples with this ability largely got troubles with communicating and societal accomplishments and they besides have unusual behaviors and involvements. Because of these troubles, individual with autism got a job with acquiring a friend and besides to pass on with another individual. Everything what their privation to portion is hard to understand or make by the normal individual unless they already expose by the therapy that train them to pass on. Normally this particular ability can be detected when the obvious marks of autism and symptoms of autism appear to the person when their age effort in between 2 and 3 old ages [ 4 ] . From the latest study of Health Ministry the approximately estimated of the kids with autism born are one in 1000 kids in Malaysia and the consequence shown that four times more likely to impact male childs compared to girls [ 5 ] . Autism is the lasting symptom that can non be removed as their wanted. For this minute there are non suited remedy that can be used for them. But for them to get the better of or accommodate the challenge that have to faced they must travel through with the earlier diagnosing, therapies, and intercessions from individual that have the experience with this intervention such as healer. All this method is needed in order to cut down symptoms and increase accomplishments and abilities of the individual with this particular ability. There are tonss of therapies that can be applied to them, so that they can larn and so can accommodate the full learning thing in their everyday life clip. Some therapies that can be applied are societal accomplishment therapy, physical therapy, drama therapy, address therapy, developmental therapies and etc. Most of this therapy can be describe as the best intervention particularly for the individual with autism ; most of the research that applied this therapy intervention for the patient largely got the positive feedback compared with negative feedback. Patient that got through with the therapy largely at least got a small betterment in their ability and besides in the societal interaction with other individual. Symptoms [ 6 ] In this subdivision will be discussed about the symptoms of the autism. There is several sort of disablement that can be recognized in individual with autism, practically there are some common symptoms that can be appears for the individual with this ability such as: Social Interaction/Skills For the autistics individual the most troubles that faced by them are in the societal interaction accomplishments. While they interact with other individuals, they will be faced a job in apprehension or utilizing the societal look like an oculus contact, facial look, gesture and etc. to do an interaction. This job can be detected since they in early age. This job non merely gives a job to them but besides to the individual surround that want to interact with them. The societal job that happened to the individual with autism chiefly will convey troubles for them in sharing what they have learned or what they feel. That behavior makes them hard in acquiring a friend or keeping the friendly relationships among them or with others. Besides that in term of organic structure contact, largely they will resistance to being snuggling or touched like normal individual unless that individual are closes adequate to them such as their parent or siblings. As for individual with autism they prefer to be entirely in they own universe instead than being disturbed by others that makes their choice life distracted. Communication Communication accomplishments are related to the linguistic communication development of person. The ability is depending on the societal and besides rational development. This sort of upseting happen to them because of the normal encephalon map affected by this symptom.For the individual with autism this mark are usually happened to them. This is one of the mark really appear or recognized for the individual with autism when their age reach 3 old ages old. They will acquire jobs in verbal and non-verbal communicating because of them lack in address development. In order to pass on with others they largely will utilize a simple or uncomplete sentence. They will confront jobs in get downing or keeping a conversation because of hard in understanding the linguistic communication that used while doing interaction. Sometime for individual with autism they will utilize the insistent linguistic communication form that normally have no significance or non related to the conversation subject with others. For the illustration they count one to five repeatedly or they besides repeat the words that they heard over and over every bit much as they like without believing the others. This sort of status scientifically called as echolalia, which means the automatic repetition back the full thing that is said. The deficiency of gestural communicating accomplishment give a batch of job to this individual, they unable to used gesture like a indicating to an object in order to do other individual to understand what they try to convey in their address. Everything that they want to state largely can non be understood by others that make them to do inappropriate behaviors or unnatural usage of pitch, modulation, beat or emphasis while talking. They besides got jobs in understanding the simple inquiry that given t o them or when asked about the way term. Behaviors In term of behavior the form that normally used for individual with autism are besides insistent same as the communicating accomplishment jobs. All the activities that they done largely in insistent manner where they will concentrate on the activity such as rolling arm, whirling the object over and over once more. They normally fascinated with the rotary motion object like a wheel on the plaything auto. The autistics individual normally have an compulsion with objects, they like to do varied sort of aggregation like a bottle, box and etc. as their wonts. The compulsion with the difference object are the common thing that happened to the individual with the autism, it seem like a complicated wonts but in their everyday the thing that they opportunity still be repeated every bit same as before and that is the most valuable clip for them that can non be alteration as we like, if that happen they will go disquieted or angry. Besides that they besides like to rearrange and line up thing t hat they collected over and over. If that happen it could do them to make an inappropriate behaviors such as unnatural usage of pitch or others unpredictable thing that can do hurt. Besides that they besides have troubles in altering or reassigning their activity from one country to another, because of the complicated wonts that done in their modus operandi. Roboticss The footings of automaton foremost used in public are in 1920 by Karel A?apek in the scientific discipline fiction drama named R.U.R. ( Rossum s Universal Robots ) . The word of automatons really from the Czech linguistic communication Robota which means servitude or forced labors where they done the full thing that being instructed to them by their maestro [ 7 ] . After that the words of zombi or android have being replaced by this new term for in the linguistic communication use all around the universe [ 7 ] [ 8 ] . In 1942 the regulations of three Torahs for the robotics have being introduced by Isaac Asimov in the scientific discipline fiction of short narrative entitle Runaround . The three Torahs that he mentioned foremost are about the automaton non gave any injury to human being through its action. Second jurisprudence are the automaton are obeying all the direction or orders that given to it by the human being every bit long as the instructions are non overlapped with the first jurisprudence. And the last jurisprudence that he mentioned the automaton should protect its owns being while its can demur where the protection are non interrupt the first and 2nd Torahs that have being mentioned in his authorship. From the Torahs that have being introduced and many betterments had made in his narratives, so he start to do an change and amplification the original Torahs for the farther development on how automatons can interact with worlds or each other s. Then he s come up with the 4th or zerot h jurisprudence where the Torahs described that the automaton must non harm humanity. Presents there are tonss of undertaking that given to the automaton to make the occupations in many field which is in the industrial automatons, domestic or household automatons, medical automatons, service automatons, military automatons, amusement automatons, infinite automatons and in conclusion in the field of avocation and competition automatons [ 9 ] . Besides that the group of automaton besides can be divided in to the group based on the map and design that makes it doing a undertaking whether it is able to travel or non, large or little. Each of them can be spliting into [ 10 ] ; Mobile Robots where it is normally can execute the undertaking that can non be done by homo either that country can non be range or that topographic point are unsafe. The nomadic automaton can be classs into two which is Rolling Robots and Walking Robots. Stationary Robots besides one of the types that can be discussed, the automaton are non merely used to make the undertaking for the human to research countries and besides use to copy a human behavior that can do a perform the insistent undertaking that supposed to be done by the homo without traveling an inch. Because of the human got a bound in performed a occupations. By so the imitative automaton are truly utile for that sort of occupations because automaton neer grows tired, it will execute its responsibility twenty-four hours and dark without of all time kicking. Autonomous Automatons are the automaton that can execute the undertaking without a back uping from human being. The word supporting here are means that the automaton really got its ain encephalon that can be rely on while making the undertaking. The automaton runs plans that give them the chance to them in executing the best solution or action depended on the environing. They can larn on how to walk and avoid obstructions that block their motion. Remote-control Robots are the independent automaton where the memory and the encephalon capacity are limited. That needed in order to execute a complicated undertaking that can non be executing by the normal independent automaton. The complicated undertaking are still be perform by the human being where have the existent encephalon power in order to command the automaton like a denote a bomb in the military countries. Virtual Robots are merely a plans where can do a simulation of the existent automaton or executing the insistent undertaking controlled by the package in the computing machine. The practical automatons are the particular automaton that developed in order to bring forthing the searching of the World Wide Web. Most of the practical automatons are infinite in the cyberspace that creeping from site to site where they collect the information on the web sites and directing the information to the hunt engines. Roboticss are the system where produced by the human sort that can travel by themselves. All the action that allowed them to travel is influenced by the aid of the programming systems or electronic circuitry [ 10 ] [ 11 ] . The robotic systems are component or device that can travel about in the environment and doing interactions either societal or physical. The automaton can do the physical interaction through propulsion action and so it can take an consequence from the physical interaction by mensurating utilizing the detection. The propulsion and sensing component are the of import component that needed for the automaton to do them to command its mechanical organic structure. With the accountant constituent that possess by the automaton it can assist the automaton to make some bomber activities such as modeling, modulating and be aftering like reference in [ 11 ] . For the automaton it should hold the characteristic [ 12 ] ; Feeling is the most of import feature for the automaton to enable them to feel the milieus. To do the automaton the sense ability it should fit with detectors such as light detectors, touch and force per unit area detectors and many more that can assist the automaton cognizant with its environment. For the Movement features is needed in order to give an chances for the automaton to travel around its environment whether turn overing on wheel or any method that could assist it s to travel. In term of energy, as the automaton it is the of import beginnings that needed to find its life-time. Robot needs to be able to power itself by many ways such as solar powered, electrically powered, battery powered that depend on the intent of the automaton developed. And the last of import feature that needed for the automaton is Intelligence. The intelligent of the automaton are depending on the programming systems that enters the platform. A coder is the individual who gives the automaton its smar ts. The automaton will hold to hold some manner to have the plan so that it knows what it is to make. There tonss of betterment in the robotics systems had make presents in attempt to assist human life manner. The development of the android automaton with independent and semi- independent automaton are the celebrated research that make in order to better the interaction relationship in between the automaton and human being. Humanoid Robot Humanoid automaton is one of the independent automatons where it placed in that categorize because of its ability which are the same as the independent 1s. Beside the ability what makes the humanoid automaton particular because of the design of the organic structure or the outer visual aspect that look like merely like mare human. All the features that possessed on homo are besides it s got even though it merely a simple one. To go the humanoid automaton the developer non needed to fit the automaton with all the portion that human possess like a caput, arm, legs and others, but when the automaton merely have one of the portion it s besides can be called as the android automaton every bit long as it look like a human. What make the android automaton differ than the others automatons are the capableness of the automaton to do an interaction either with human or each other. Lapp as the normal automaton, the android automaton besides needed the same constituents or portion in order to map. The parts that it s needed are the actuator, detectors, organic structure and besides programing that became the most of import thing that controls the automaton. Each of the parts is needed for the different maps. For the illustration we take the detector, the detector are the devise that used in the organic structure of the automatons. There are many sorts of detector that attach in the automaton such as force per unit area and touch detector, light detectors, sonar detectors and many more. All the detector are used so that the automaton could feel the dangers or the obstructions that appears when they got involved to the environment and so all the sense that detected will be send to the package which is plans or in other words the intelligent of the automaton that created by the coder so makes a determination to execute the solution. The design of these sort of automaton like a human being make people that want to interact with it feel save comfy either for the immature or the seniors. The latest design of the android automaton are focused on the interaction had make between the automaton and the human. The term for this interaction are called as the human automaton interaction ( HRI ) . The manner of the interaction are improved by clip to clip that makes the interaction between them become more gratifying like holding a normal interaction with a individual. The human surveies of the HRI are related to the relationship on the homo and besides the automaton and besides the reaction that give influences each other while interacting. The automaton particularly a humanoid automaton that developed with the HRI are truly of import and have a higher potency in the therapy session that can be used as the tool to develop or learn the normal or the particular individual that got the a jobs in the encephalon maps like a individual with autism in order to assist them in understanding and observe the emotion that created and besides to develop the societal human behaviors that can non be reach by themselves [ 13 ] . Nowadays there are tonss of the researches conducted in order to make the android automaton for many countries purpose like faculty members, amusement, research and many more. For the instance survey that we created, the android automaton that used is the NAO where the potency of the automaton that we see as the best from the other develo ped automaton for a minute for the automaton therapy that give to kids with autism. NAO [ 14 ] The android automaton that widely used for this minute is NAO, most of them late are used in the research and academic included the developer intent. In this subdivision we will discourse on the NAO automaton. NAO are one of the androids automatons which are the independent types. NAO is the android that possess with the caput, weaponries, legs and others portion that make its expressions like a small male child. The tallness of the NAO is about 23 inches with the actuator and the motors that connected each portion of the organic structure that make it can travel freely with the 25 grades of freedom ( DOF ) . This automaton consists of many detectors that make it functioned good like a force per unit area and haptic detectors, sonar range finder for distance appraisal, Information Retrieval ( IR ) emitters and receiving systems. The frequence of the cardinal processing unit ( CPU ) that used in the NAO is 1.6 GHz where the maker used the processor from the Intel Company named as Intel Atom. Same as the computing machine the automaton besides needed the operating system ( OS ) to command the NAO plans, for the NAO the compatible OS is Linux, Windows and Mac OS. The needed of the power supply are truly of import for the automaton to operating, so that the NAO automaton are used the power supply from the 27.6-watt-hour battery that can be varies by the use, puting and runing status, for the active usage the automaton can prolong until an hr, while 90 proceedingss for normal usage, depending on the use. Figure 2.1 NAO Robots with the Part Names [ 14 ] Besides that what makes this robot particular it is because it have the ability to pass on with the individual thanks to the constitutional talker and voice synthesist device that acts as communicating device of the automatons that use to acknowledge and track voice and sounds. Meanwhile for the speaking abilities the mikes are used. And for the eyes the NAO automaton are supported with the cameras that used to acknowledge faces and objects, besides used to track and analyze its environing. To do the eyes of the automaton map right to observe faces or the object the sets of algorithms had been used that concept in the platform that control the NAO. For the scheduling linguistic communication that usage in the interfacing intents compatible linguistic communication that can be usage are C++ , Python, Urbi, and etc. that depend on the users that has to be suited or compatible with the OS platform. The NAO automaton is equipped with the tactile detectors that installed at two of its organic structure parts which are on the caput and besides at the both custodies that use for user to give the bid when by touch it. These detectors besides can be set as the shut off button when the user puting their manus on the NAO automaton or the button to get down the faculty that uploaded to the NAO. Besides that in order to avoid the obstruction or something that will barricading the automaton ways the maker already placed the two senders and receiving systems each on NAO organic structure so that it can place the distances of environing objects within 70 centimeters of distance. The android automaton NAO non a statics robot that merely remain on the one topographic point so doing occupations, but NAO is the automaton where can do a motion and walk around like a homo s with non a heterosexual but besides others motion because of the detectors and besides the actuator articulation with the certain grade of freedom used in the NAO concept that makes it stable to walk on many different surfaces. The NAO automaton besides compatible with the web connexions which is Wi-Fi and Ethernet that makes NAO to link with the web wherever it placed either at place or other topographic points every bit long as that topographic point are supplies with the web connectivity. With this connectivity the NAO automatons will be supplies with the up to day of the month information such as the conditions prognosis or the utilizing the package change overing the linguistic communication used that straight connected to the cyberspace while communicate. Beside the Wi-Fi and Ethernet the NAO besides equipped with infrared connexion where it can be used for the particular undertaking that given to the such as bend off the telecasting with its owns infrared connexion and besides to command other device that equipped with the infrared connexions that can be done based on the undertakings that given to them by coder. In term if undertaking, for the NAO system can be control by utilizing the particular package that provided by the maker called as NAO Choregraphe Module that can be used to put the motion or the undertakings for the NAO that want to creates likes a sing a vocal, move with other gestures and others. All of the undertaking are depends on the coder that creates the scheduling for them. Figure 2.2: NAO s Choregraphe ModuleAssistive Robotics ( AR ) The applications of Assistive Roboticss are widely used in order to look into the application of the robotics with their engagement in the field wellness attention and instruction. These probes are of import to accomplish the best process solution to recovery for individuals with damages due to assorted diseases particularly related to the encephalon map like autism. The assistive robotics is focus on developing robotic AIDSs for back uping independent individuals who have chronic or degenerative restrictions and besides who got jobs with encephalon disablements as therapy and supportive tools [ 15 ] . AR are related to many application countries that already being exposed by the past research worker in attempt to better human comfort. From the survey that conducted by Mason and Christensen [ 16 ] mentioned that assistive automaton are developed from different application countries in order aid homo for their life such as: Manufacturing-In this country the robotics systems are widely deployed for the fabrication procedure. Most of the mill utilizing this engineering for them to better the production rate of the merchandise. They ever make research for continues to progress by develop new cardinal attack in the engineering of the robotics. Every twenty-four hours there are ever new development are obtained. Medical and health care are normally used of the Assistive Robotics for the patient particularly in term of Recovery and Rehabilitation. The patients that normally involve in this sort of intervention are the 1 that got the jobs with the physical disablement. The automaton will help them with the suited method that can be applied to them by the AIDSs of the automaton till the advancement achieved. Beside that the other researches besides mention that this country besides covered the application of mobility jobs and besides used for senior attention [ 17 ] [ 16 ] . Service-in general the services are that used the robotics assistive is in both professional and domestic services. Professional service normally used automatons in logistics, agribusiness, cleansing, and besides mining sector but for the Domestic service automatons can execute undertakings where worlds on a regular basis perform around their places such as vacuuming, horticulture, cut downing the lawn and pool care [ 18 ] . Socially Robot ( SR ) Socially Robot ( SR ) is term that used in order to depict the societal interaction that involved in between automaton and homo. This term are foremost used by the research worker to do surveies of depicting automaton which is following human societal feature such as incarnation, emotion, communicating, and etc. [ 19 ] . SR are operates or given undertaking as the spouse or aid for the human to pass on or doing interaction. By refer to the research done by Dautenhahn and Billard, they mentioned that Social synergistic automatons can be defined as the agents that can interact with each other and besides environment so construe the universe in footings of their ain experience that their possess, they stands for explicitly Communicate with and larn from each other [ 20 ] . Socially Assistive Robotics ( SAR ) Based on the survey that had done by Seifer and Mataric, the Socially Assistive Robot ( SAR ) is specifying as the intersection between the Assistive Robot and Socially Robot. SAR and AR are similar in term of aid, but for the elaborate SAR is more to the societal than physical interaction. Meanwhile in the position of the societal interaction SAR is more similar to SR in term of their focal point, which is to develop and besides create an interaction with a user in intent to give aid particularly in the field of intervention [ 21 ] . Nowadays these sorts of interaction are concerned particularly for the individual that does nt hold an attempt or energy to assist them including in procedure of recovery and rehabilitation. For this survey we focused the SAR on assisting the autistic kids where got a job in their encephalon development. It is because some of these kids are demoing their enthusiasm and miming character when their face or travel through interaction with the automaton [ 22 ] . SAR in this instance can be used as aid for the user to better the mental wellness of kid by cut downing emphasis, solitariness and depression that happened to them [ 23 ] . As mentioned before the SAR is merely doing a societal instead than physical interaction. This can give the best chance for to develop the interaction between human and automaton without giving injury while interacts with the automaton. The developments of the SAR are widely improved and popular in the research country such as the robotics, medical specialty, neuroscience and etc. The SAR developments are foremost used in order to assist elderly by building robot-pet comrade for them to assist in cut downing depression and emphasis [ 24 ] . The SAR are truly beneficially non merely for the aged but it besides can be utile to everybody include persons with physical damages, individual that goes through the rehabilitation therapy and besides for the persons that got the jobs with encephalon upset by utilizing them as the tools or medium for therapy, preparation and besides can be used as the particular instruction. The SAR are truly portion to make when involved the interaction with the human, there a tonss of possibilities has to be consider before it been constructed. In the paper that done by David Feil-Seifer and Maja J MatariA†¡ [ 25 ] , they have taken several nucleus of moralss principle that set up for the medical to be implement in the SAR development. The moralss rules that have being discussed are beneficence, non-maleficence, liberty and justnes s where they try to analyze either its affect the applications of SAR. For the automaton the visual aspects are truly of import to acquire a higher outlook from people that interact with it, human-like visual aspect are the better for them [ 24 ] . David Feil-Seifer did mentioned that the ways of kids with autism and automatons are different compared with the interaction them with individual or toys [ 26 ] [ 27 ] . But the job that occur from this interaction is that the respond that given by the automaton while interacting to the childs. He did besides reference that this sort of interaction is the disputing jobs to do the automaton to understand the behavior of the kid with autism. There are a tonss of development had make in the robotics development in order to happen the solution on this jobs. To decide this job the research had make among the research workers and enable them to used to the full independent automatons for interact with any kids particularly kids with autism by concentrating on the free-form behavior that showed by kids. The interaction that make in between kid and automaton can go as a curative assistance that can assist people particularly kids with autism. The therapy should be aimed for them in order to develop and better their ability while interacting. The purposes of the therapy are to promote of the turn-taking behavior, human-human and human -robot interaction and besides purposes for acquiring or observing kids distress [ 27 ] . Autistics child characteristic are different comparison to normal kids, non all of them can accept the behavior of the automaton that interact with them. In the surveies paper made by David Feil-Seifer mentioned that for the autistics child there were specific morphological and behavior of the automaton are raging and deflecting for them. From at that place they to happen new methods by observing automatically the negative behavior of the kid so minimise hurt experienced by giving the properly response while interacting with automaton. Robot and Autism. In order to do a connexion between these androids and autistics kids for the intervention, the research that we conducted had consider all possibility and besides the effects that can be happen during the intervention because of the status of the autistics kids which is differ with the normal kid on their features. The used of the automaton as the tools to assistive kids with autism are truly utile and got its ain potency in the intervention because some of them will demo their behavior while interacting with the automaton [ 28 ] . For the individual with autism the societal interaction with the automaton is more suited compared interaction with people in term of behavior. It is because for them people s societal behaviors are difficult to foretell and besides confounding compared to the automaton behavior which is ever can be control and be managed harmonizing to the direction given to them with exactly [ 28 ] [ 29 ] . In this subdivision we will take a expression for the several re searches that conducted by the past research worker that utilizing automaton as the tool to give a therapy to the autistics individual and besides that research that make the most cherished find related to the therapy session that used the robot assistive. From the determination there will be some info that can be used that can assist in the current research that we conduct. The robotic systems are foremost used in the intervention for the autism since 1976 by Sylvia Weir and Ricky Emanuel utilizing a nomadic turtle-like automaton named LOGO at university of Edinburgh [ 30 ] . Since so, these methods of intervention become most celebrated subject that chosen by the pupil in university for their research to develop and better this method of intervention boulder clay now. Their comes up with differences and new development from all the research that already developed and all the informations that collected in their research has become a mention for the following coevals to better and besides develop new research. The LOGO automatons are used to promote communicating accomplishment on the individual they studied which is seven old ages old male childs with symptoms of autism. The research reported that its give a positive consequence based on the respond that kid with the automaton. Even though the undertaking are non straight give an interaction with the a utomaton and non operated autonomously, but from this research of surveies it give a hopes that this sort of intervention can give a new way for the following coevals research worker to develop the new betterment by utilizing the automaton as the medium tools to gives therapy for the individual with autism [ 30 ] . The research had made by Hideki Kozima and Cocoro Nakagaw utilizing the automaton called as KEEPON to interact with the kid. The research conducted to turn out that the interaction between kids with autism and automaton are difference depends on the single age. From the research they obtained, the consequence shown that largely child that age below 1 twelvemonth they make an interaction with the automaton merely by utilizing custodies and oral cavity and did non care about the automaton ability. But for the kid with age 1year old they make an interaction with the automaton based on the automaton attentive and affectional actions. And the research on 2 twelvemonth old kid shows that they want to make a societal interaction with the automaton by demoing something to them and besides do a organic structure contact with it [ 22 ] . This research besides show the betterment of the autistic kids when they interact with the automaton. Largely they showed to their trainers what they have lea rned. This become most of import determination that will be used or implemented for the research and so applied the suited faculty or undertaking that given to the automaton in order to interact based on age of the individual that become our capable. Figure 2.3: KEEPON [ 22 ] Then the research of therapy besides use the application of automaton named as ROBOTA. It is one of the android automaton dolls that little in size with around 45 centimeter in high. The chief organic structure of the doll are covered with the electronic board with the motor that drive the legs, weaponries and besides for the caput its move by utilizing one grade of freedom. Chiefly this automaton are used for develop kids in motion, music and address. The intent of this survey is to better the societal interaction accomplishments and imitation ability of the autistic individual. The trials have been doing with four kids with autism. They were exposed repeatedly with the automaton that applied the basic imitative and turn-taking games for several months. Along with this trial the picture of the documenting had been recorded during kids make interaction with the automaton. From the picture that recorded they evaluated the four behavioral standards including oculus regard, touch imitat ion and in conclusion on the place of kids with the automaton ( near ) . They have comes up with the qualitative and quantitative analysis. From the first analysis which is qualitative analysis on observed all the activity of the kids that related to the interaction behavior, they revealed farther facets of the societal accomplishment interaction of the kids such as the ability of imitation, oculus regard, touching and else. Besides that, from this analysis they besides can bespeak the degree of communicating accomplishment that showed personally by the kids based on the recorded picture informations. For the 2nd analysis it s showed an addition in continuance of pre-defined behaviors towards the ulterior tests. In this surveies show that the insistent exposure the android automaton will increase the basic interaction societal accomplishment of the kids. Figure 2.4: TROY [ 31 ] The following simple design of humanoid automaton can be discuss in this paper are the automaton called as TROY. It is the automaton that can execute the simple and programmable behavior. It is the simple automaton with two weaponries with four grade of freedom that can do it raised and lowered the weaponries and other action. The automaton besides equipped with the 7 inch screen where it presented as the caput of the automaton where the research worker put the face to expose the face look like sad, happy or other impersonal emotions. The automaton is designed in order to promote the imitation and besides turn-taking behaviors for the individual with autism. In these surveies they mentioned that the period the interaction in between the automaton and kid should non transcend so 20 % from the available therapy clip. The remainder of the clip should be the therapy for the kid and human interactions [ 31 ] . In this instance they try to stress that the interaction in between the kid and automaton has to be less than the interaction with a individual in procedure to develop. In the research they got the positive consequence on the low dose robotics intervention for the kid with autism in their interaction accomplishments. In the therapy that they conducted they begin the therapy measure by measure started with the interaction between the kid and automaton so continue with the interaction between the kid, healer and the automaton and the remainder of the 80 % of the therapy session is the interaction between human and kid. In this instance they merely used the automaton as the tool to assist a kid to develop societal accomplishment. Figure 2.5: Child with autism interacting with the Labo-1 automaton [ 24 ] The following research that used the automaton as the tools to promote the development of kids with autism are the nomadic automaton named as LABO-1. The automaton consists of the infrared detector that act as like a echo sounder to avoid the obstruction that block the automaton from moved and besides pyro-electric detector that used to observe and following the human. The robot motion are really slow to avoid any unpredictable thing from happened to the kid. In this research the topic are two kids with autism to give societal interacting preparation or therapy. The consequence of the trial showed the positive consequence when the kids give a good response while playing with the automaton. The research worker besides mentioned that the kid played with the automaton for the long clip and did non frighten while interacting with the automaton at a close distance [ 24 ] . The used of the automaton as the medium in assisting individual with autism are merely to assist them in develop their abilities and facilitate human contact non to replace them from interact with other individual [ 32 ] . In this research, the survey will be related to the automaton therapy where individual with autism will be expose with the interaction to the automaton where assist them to better the ability. The involved of humanoid automaton named NAO are truly suited for the research, it is because of the characteristic as mentioned before are suited used for the research particularly when it interact with the autistic individual and besides for the normal individual. There are researcher references that for the autistic kids the behavior of the NAO automaton which is insistent and the motion that has being simplified are truly suited and can assist them in preparation of the societal accomplishment [ 33 ] . These applications of NAO are truly suited because most of the feature are significantly showed that its truly consistent with the behavior of the autistic autism which is can non confront the complicated thing in during their accomplishments development. Nowadays there is tonss of research that used NAO as the tool to happen new development in many countries particularly in term of medicine or automaton therapy. Robot therapy is therapy that used a automaton as helper in the intervention. The ways of the automaton used are depend on the intent of the faculty or undertakings that create by the research worker for the research. The suited faculty of the automaton should hold a justification on why it has to be that manner and what traveling to go on when used in the therapy in order to draw attending individual with autism to affect in interaction with the automaton. The full undertaking given for the NAO is truly of import for the therapy to guarantee whether it is succeeded or non in the intervention. The betterment of the undertaking done by the research worker should be improved from clip to clip in order to make the best undertaking for the NAO for the therapy. Graphical User Interface ( GUI ) In this subdivision it will be the most of import parts that where the reappraisals are traveling decided what are the most of import thing has to be included in the GUI development that has to be interfacing each other between networking and the database, beside assist the user to work out the job in develop new faculty or other thing that related to the plan for the intervention and so accomplish the aim besides the purposes of the research. The GUI developments are truly of import for the user particularly to person with a small cognition in the computing machine development. The interface will steer the users through different phases towards the achievement of the undertakings. The multi-task and hard interface could convey another job for the users to better their accomplishments. In this reappraisal it will steer about something that related to the best GUI development for the research. GUI is the most common thing that we traveling to utilize when involve with the machine and human interaction like computing machine. This interface is truly of import or became the medium for the human to interact with the machine with more effectual. The interaction merely affect the usage of the image or images as the button bid instead than the texts bid that can give the confusion for the novices or non-technical individual that low in the computing machine cognition. The full image or the icons will stand for as the action button that available on the GUI application that normally performed through direct use of the graphical elements that make the OS to relocated or happen the beginnings of the bid that being done in the text bid. GUI are introduced in the reaction of the bid cringles of the command-line interface ( CLI ) where required the external equipment like a keyboard to type the bid. The bids were merely showed the bid line interface with Numberss and text with the com plicated operation that can be completed by utilizing the cutoff by pull stringsing a symbols or the short sequence of words. There is a research of the GUI development that has being conducted to turn out that the utilizations of the icons for the direction are truly effectual instead than others bids. In that research they have make study on the 10 people between 20 boulder clay 30 old ages olds that operates the interface that been develop. The consequence of the studies showed that the used of the icon or others characters that represent the operation of the application attract users so heighten the serviceability of the practical GUI s [ 34 ] . The best Graphical user interface is the 1s that have the feature of user friendly that makes everybody experience satisfy after utilizing it. The user friendliness can be defined as the interface that will steer the users through phase to another in order to carry through the undertakings, so that users can interact more with the undertakings and less with the system [ 35 ] . To accomplish the user friendliness there are several features that have to be include d are [ 35 ] ; The first thing that have be included in the interface are the design of the interface has to be suited for everyone and besides good looking interface. It truly needed so that the user feels it will work better and more confident while utilizing the application. Besides that the users besides can experience more satisfied and comfy with the interface while read the interface with strong contrast between text and background. Besides that the usage of the basic words besides give an consequence on the users interface, users will happen an interface to be friendly if it displays information in their native reading way or in their native linguistic communication, without utilizing any profession particular footings that non everyone can understand. Accessible besides can be the 1s of the features should be on the user friendly interface. The interface has to be developing so that everybody can entree the interface without holding a complicated. A user friendly interface should be built upon the human ocular and cognitive capablenesss that can be achieved by utilizing cognition of familiar objects that can makes users happen it easier to larn and utilize. The user interface besides has to consistent in manner and dictions. The GUI is divided in to two groups which is computing machine based and web-based. In this research the GUI that we traveling to research are more to the web-based where we have to make a web site for the kids with the autism, so that everybody could accesses and so can sharing the information that they got from the research that conducted by themselves. There will be the treatment on the related subjects on the therapy procedure of the automaton named as NAO with the kids with the autism, besides sharing the faculty that has being created. In the procedure of the developing the GUI creative activity the demand of the package is needed. In order to plan the interface with the user friendly interface all the feature has being study through the researching the reappraisal that have make by the past research worker. At this minute the best package that consider as the best in the interface design are Adobe Photoshop where it can be used as the tools in redacting the design till the concluding satisfaction be achieved. But in order to make the website the best package could be usage is MySQL. The usage of the MySQL package is place the best tools because of it is the unfastened beginning package where about all the website developer are used these package besides it is the freeware package. Then for the scheduling linguistic communication the truly suited and compatible with the MySQL are PHP package, where it s besides one of the freeware package that easy to obtain. The GUI development for this research will concentrate o n the users with the deficiency in the cognition of the computing machines. Everybody could portion the information that they want to portion without any jobs and so utilize the information good.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Free Essays on Nature Vs Nurture

, â€Å"Nature makes the boy toward, nurture sees him forward.† Even though nature plays a role in defining sex and gender, nurture plays the greater part in helping society define the two terms. Definitions come from that which is learned, not that which is part of our genetic system. John Locke believed that all people were born with a blank slate (a tabula rasa.) Him and other Empiricists thought that experiences were written into the mind and that every aspect of human behavior is acquired from the environment that surrounds them. Take for example the story which Susan Baxter tells in her article ‘The Last Word on Gender Differences† of the boy who was castrated at birth and raised as a girl. â€Å"Amazingly, this boy had an identical twin brother, which made it possible to compare two genetically identical individuals raised as a boy and a girl... our hero became the perfect little girl, the very picture of adorable femininity.† (Baxter 52) This boy was clearly raised as a girl and he grew up thinking of himself as a girl. He was not born as a female and he did not have a predetermined image of himself as one. This boy grew up as a girl because throughout his life he was told that he ... Free Essays on Nature Vs Nurture Free Essays on Nature Vs Nurture One of the most controversial debates of modern society is the idea that our â€Å"natures† and how we are nurtured are in conflict with each other to determine what defines who we are. When one attempts to define sex and gender, he/she often finds him/herself stumped as to what the definitions are. More so, one is puzzled by where the came from. How do nature and nurture influence the definitions of sex and gender? To understand how nature and nurture affect these definitions, we must first know what they are. Sex is biological while gender is socially constructed. Genes produce sex. It exists in itself, and is sublimely indifferent to what humans think of it. Gender is the meanings that society assigns to sex. Richard Mulcaster wrote the words, â€Å"Nature makes the boy toward, nurture sees him forward.† Even though nature plays a role in defining sex and gender, nurture plays the greater part in helping society define the two terms. Definitions come from that which is learned, not that which is part of our genetic system. John Locke believed that all people were born with a blank slate (a tabula rasa.) Him and other Empiricists thought that experiences were written into the mind and that every aspect of human behavior is acquired from the environment that surrounds them. Take for example the story which Susan Baxter tells in her article ‘The Last Word on Gender Differences† of the boy who was castrated at birth and raised as a girl. â€Å"Amazingly, this boy had an identical twin brother, which made it possible to compare two genetically identical individuals raised as a boy and a girl... our hero became the perfect little girl, the very picture of adorable femininity.† (Baxter 52) This boy was clearly raised as a girl and he grew up thinking of himself as a girl. He was not born as a female and he did not have a predetermined image of himself as one. This boy grew up as a girl because throughout his life he was told that he ... Free Essays on Nature Vs Nurture Abstract Nature vs. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists most recently. Philosophers such as Plato argued that all knowledge was inherited through your parent and when you were told something you didn’t learn it you were just reminded of it. Aristotle however argued that all humans were born with a blank slate and built on it with influence from there environment. In the 1700’s the empiricists and the internalists took over the argument. They fought through letters explaining there point of views and denouncing the others. This leads to Pavlov coming up with the idea of behaviorism in the early 1900‘s. Behaviorism became the new wave of Psychology and influenced a lean towards the nurture side. It was not effectively argued against until 1928 when Watson published his book. This opened up the floodgates for environmental influences studies. Soon the idea of nurture was the popular excuse for behavior. Studies using animals were the most popular was in which scientists used to prove a theory, or disprove a theory. The newest studies use human twins to prove nature vs. nurture. An age-old question has been asked for generations before us. What is the reasons behind the development of human behavior? There have been many theories formulated to explain why humans behave the way they do. Explanations vary from demonology to magnetic fluids controlling people’s behaviors. Over time, two theories have remained popular in academic fields such as philosophy and psychology. The surviving theories for behavior stem from physiological and sociological explanations. However, the two explanations have not always been compatible with each other. The famous nature vs. nurture debate over human behavior resulted from conflicting views between proponents of the physiological (nature) and sociological (nurture) explanations. Throughout history, research has swayed popularity back and forth between the theo...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Soviet Unions Involvement in Israels 1967 six day war and the gains Research Paper

Soviet Unions Involvement in Israels 1967 six day war and the gains - Research Paper Example Soviet Union played a major role in causing the 1967 six day war between Israel and Arab countries. Soviet Union was one among the strongest supporters of Israel earlier at the time of Israel’s formation. However, Soviet Union released later that because of the cultural similarities, Israel was getting more polarized towards United States. Israel’s increasing relationships with America, forced Soviet Union to look for other options in the Middle East. On the other hand, Arab countries were looking for an opportunity to establish stronger relationships with Soviet Union in order to counter the combined threats of America and Israel. Thus, Soviet Union established stronger relations with many of the Arab countries including Egypt in the 1960’s. Soviet Union was the major arm supplier for the Arab countries during this period. â€Å"The Soviet Union’s growing influence in the Middle East worried Israel as did Egypt’s ever growing hauls of Soviet weapo ns†1 Soviet Union had other intentions in strengthening the tension between Arab countries and Israel. In fact they were trying to catch fish from the muddy water.They calculated that the Arab countries had less powerful intelligences and it is easy to mislead these countries to with false information. In other words, Soviet Union supplied false intelligence to Arab countries in the 1960’s in order to strengthen their interests in Middle East region. One such false intelligence information supplied to Egypt by Soviet Union resulted in the six day war in 1967 between Israel and Arab countries... Soviet Union and Six Day war In 1960’s, â€Å"Soviets took on the role of armorer for both Syria and Egypt, supplying them with modern tanks, aircraft and later missiles†3. Israel had certain concerns about the increasing weapon accumulation by the Arab countries. They rightly calculated that these weapons may one day use against them if a war breaks out. Soviet Union did everything possible to increase the concerns of both Israel and the Arab countries. On one side, Soviet Union gave a strong message to Israel that they are ready to attack Israel’s critical places and on the other side, Soviet cultivated a feeling of insecurity among the Arab nations because of the fabricated threats from Israel. Western diplomats also played their own role in causing the six day war. A British foreign ministry official told an Israeli diplomat during this period that â€Å"the Soviet Unions would give it backing to Egypt if and when the latter decided to launch a preemptive wa r†4. In short, both Soviet Union and the Western countries played their parts in causing the six day war. However, Soviet Union seems to be more interested than the westerners in conducting this war because of their strategic interests in the Middle Eastern region. â€Å"Soviet Union’s objectives in the Middle Eastern region were included the control of Suyez Canal and cutting the oil supplies to the European powers†5. Soviet Union expected two birds for one shot by conducting the six day war. They thought that with the help of a war between Israel and Arab countries, they could have destabilized Israel from one end and cut the transport of oil supplies to European countries. During this period, all the commercial