Charles Dickens most famous Bildungsroman novel Essay

How Does Dickens’ Presentation of Pip as a young boy contrast to Pip as an Adult?  Great Expectations is one of Charles Dickens most famous Bildungsroman novel. This story is serialised in journals from 1860 – 1861. It was published chapter at a time therefore would leave every chapter at a cliff-hanger.  Due to this novel being published in journals it made this semi-autobiographical narrative available to the mass of people; soaring its popularity.  The main theme of this novel is associated with the main factors of Victorian era; Being Gentlemen; Education and Crime and Punishment. Dickens was a social observer and would therefore base his narratives on his concerns for the social laws. Great Expectations was an example of this. This story is based on Pip, the main character, and how his life changes as he comes into possession of a lot of money from an unknown benefactor breaking the wall of social mobility on his way to become a Gentleman. The whole essay shows the retrospective view of Pip looking back on his life. Furthermore most of the events experience by Pip could also be his past experiences. This is why ‘Great Expectations’ is Charles Dickens most semi-autobiographical piece of writing. This general aim of this essay is to describe the way Pip was presented as a young boy and later on in his life by this worldwide known author, Charles Dickens.  The key scenes in this novel which will be analysed in detail. The chosen key scenes are; chapters 1-8 where Pip is growing up as a young kid and ahs his first encounter with the convict. The significance of these chapters is that it shows Pip’s childhood and also describes his first meeting with Magwitch, who plays a huge role in this novel. The central point of this report will be focused on chapter 27-38. This shows Pip as a young gentleman. This is very vital as it shows the way Pip has changed from his childhood ways. In these chapters it shows when Pip is reunited with his benefactor.  The Last key scenes will be chapter 57 and 58. This is when Pip is comes together with Joe hoping to propose to Biddy. The significance of this is that Joe is going to get married to Biddy; therefore Pips reaction to this news is very interesting. Pip was bought up an orphan. The only living family member of Pip was his sister Mrs Joe Gargery. â€Å"My first fancies regarding what they were like were unreasonably derived from their tombstones† This quotation emphasis the fact that Pip was an orphan who had never seen his parents and is an example of dual narrative as it is quite humorous but also sad at the same time. At the beginning of the play Dickens makes the readers fell sympathetic towards Pip. This makes the readers like Pip throughout the story no matter what he does. In the Victorian Era being an orphan was very common. It meant they had no prospects for the future, would be illiterate and would therefore lead a very poor life. They would usually be homeless or taken in by gentlemen’s to be their slaves. â€Å"I was at that time undersized for years and not very strong†. This quotation shows that Pip had a lack of prospects which emphasised he came from a poor background. The term undersized could be used for physical terms but also could be used that he had no say in the community as he was a child and he had no say generally as him and his family were very poor. Charles Dickens reversed these points about a poor person and made social mobility possible for Pip.  At the beginning of the narrative Pip is a naive young boy who has no knowing of the outside world. Most of this is due to being brought up without education. Education in that era was very important as only the rich could afford it. This immediately brought up the aspect of class issues in this novel. Education led to people being in a higher social group to those who weren’t educated and possibly shaped their future. Pip suffered abuse from many people. He was bought up ‘by hand’ by his sister Mrs Joe. She had a reputation for this. This showed that Pip was brought with discipline and wouldn’t dare to do a thing wrong as he would get punished for this. Another quotation that explains that Mrs Joe beats Pip to teach him manners and discipline is â€Å"Be grateful boy to them which bought you up by hand†. â€Å"What’s worse she’s got the tickler with her†, this quotation shows how much Pip feared the tickler and getting beaten by Mrs Joe. As well as receiving physical abuse from Mrs Joe he received verbal abuse from many family friends such as Mr Pumblechook and also Estella. It was from the Victorian times that the saying ‘Children should be seen but not heard’ was created. This saying applied to Pip. Many guttural sounds were used to describe the abuse that was inflicted upon Pip such as â€Å"rampage†. This emphasises the un-human like behaviour of Mrs Joe towards Pip.

By the end of the novel Maestro the reader feels that both Keller and Paul are egotists and equally unattractive characters Essay

By the end of the novel the reader feels that both Keller and Paul are egotists and equally unattractive characters. While I agree with the first part of this statement I disagree with the second. In this essay I will be discussing the characters egotism, is relation to each other. I will explain the reasoning behind the characters reasoning’s and because of this why I believe that Paul is the more unlikable character of the two. The reader learns very on in the book that each of these characters has unattractive qualities. Goldsworthy creates these characters equally undesirable in their own right. Paul’s superficial view on emotion and his quick judgement especially when it comes to Keller contribute to the portrayal of Paul as a fairly unlikable character. Paul makes the transition in this book growing up and this in its self is very much a contributing factor as we see him grow into his egotism where as Keller is explained and somewhat redeemed. Despite Keller being describes as a ‘virtuoso’ he is viewed by Paul -and there for the reader -as arrogant and patronising. â€Å" The boy is given to much self satisfaction† he observes of Paul, which is a fair description as Paul is often critical and patronising of Keller’s teaching techniques, which may well stem from his superior view of himself, â€Å" of course he sounded better, he had a better piano.† Paul from very early on is self centred, believing he is the best. He takes things at face value, especially when it comes to judging Keller and his teaching style. He does not take the time to watch and learn before making assumptions. When he says â€Å"He’s a Nazi† he could not have been more wrong. This statement become more apparent towards the end of the novel when we learn about Keller’s association with the NAZIs and the consequences it had not only on his life but also those of this family, his wife and son. Keller’s anti-social behaviour tends to bring a distance between himself and the other people in Darwin but also from himself as a character and the reader. But this is not a negative influence, in fact it makes the reader empathise with him or at least intrigue the reader enough to be on his side. This could be seen as one of Keller redeeming factors. When Keller chooses to move to Adelaide, Paul realised that his exile was self imposed â€Å" His exile was chosen, not forced upon him†, Keller’s arrogance and naivety during the War are why he chooses to stay in Vienna and ultimately causes the deaths of his wife and son. Keller believes that he had been betrayed, that by being close to Hitler his family would be saved. This assumption was naive, he says himself â€Å"I knew these people, these murderers. I had signed their concert programs. His self imposed isolation in Darwin as a result of this evokes empathy and sympathy in the reader and this could again be seen as a redeeming quality. As the reader learns that Keller has reason for his egotism, Paul- because of his youth is viewed negatively because he comes off as an ignorant child. When he moves to Adelaide we realise however that he has somewhat been groomed into this arrogance. Learning from Keller, Paul learns a lot but he also gets handed all of Keller’s arrogance as well. Learning the techniques from Keller but not how to play the music with passion, Paul starts to believe that technique is the only important thing. Keller as we learn has reason to focus on the technique, simply because he cannot stand the pain of actually feeling the music, evident in his missing finger. Paul’s arrogance grows throughout the book. As he progresses through the lessons with Keller and also as his love life grows with Rosie, he grows more self assured. Paul is very self driven and thinking he is the best he makes decisions that show his arrogance to the fullest. The choice to move to Adelaide right on the cusp of getting to finally know everything about his teacher shows that not only is he arrogant he is an egotist. He wants the fame and glory of being an amazing piano player. While Paul appears narcissistic, he is often aware of his flaws. Despite being pretentious, Paul is fundamentally shy. His refuge in the music room parallels Keller’s self-imposed solitude at the Swan. Paul is unsure of himself, as his ‘self-perception lagged timidly behind [his] growth spurt’. His arrogance protects him from his loneliness and his inability to attain greatness. Although Paul’s delusions of grandeur mark him as a weak character. At the end of the novel Paul admits that he â€Å"is able to dupe my audience at the odd concert†¦but never†¦myself†, referring to his musical ability. Paul comes to the realisation that he will never be the piano player he desires and this admission evokes some empathy from the Maestro readers. Paul’s egotisms is much more prominent than Keller’s, and the tragedy of Keller’s life in a way prevents the reader from having negative feelings towards him. Paul and Keller are represented as egotistical characters but whereas Pauls is viewed as negative with small redeeming factors, Keller’s is understood and earned and explained from his passed.

Ethics Games Dilemmas Essay

The Baird Method based on the four ethical lenses and the four plus one decision-making method. In taking previous classes it was determine that no one lens fits the values of student Nayeli Trejos. The professor shocked with the results, and no student prior to Nayeli received that score in the lens test. This has to do with the fact that a person is not a particular lens all the time but shifts into a lens, depending on the situation. Two dilemmas were presented to the student after coaching in each lens the best decision based on the lens was chosen. The student had the opportunity to make the decision based on core values of the individual. Ethical Issues of Simulation and Decision making steps The first ethical issue presented in the simulation was a concern of an employee with a possible sexual harassment case. This employee had voiced concern about feeling uncomfortable in certain situations. The director of sales made aware by a third party regarding the situation of the employee receiving extra attention. The director received an e-mail from the employee stating the employee wanted to meet but for the director to keep everything confidential. The director of sales used the four plus one step decision-making plan known as the Baird method. The steps are be attentive, be intelligent, be reasonable, be responsible and be reflective (â€Å"Ethicsgame†, 2012). The best decision was based on the rights/responsibility lens and the results lens. The ethical issue presented in the second situation discusses tampering with research data results. The marketing director received a request to review the data to be submitted by the division medical director for publication. After reviewing the report the marketing director noticed inconsistencies form the first report drafted. The medical director removed data that was not favorable for the research and replaced with favorable data. The four plus one decision method was to address ethical issues. The marketing director chose the best option based on the results and reputation lens. Ethical Lenses used and  Lens Influence on Decision There are four ethical lenses that influenced the decision of the simulated ethical issues. The simulation offered the perspectives of the lenses to make the best decision based on the lens tools. The lenses are rights/responsibility lens, results lens, relationship lens, and reputation lens (â€Å"Ethicsgame†, 2012). Each dilemma presented offered two lenses to make a decision based on the tools of each lens. The simulation gave the best answer based on the lens and after the reader had the choice based on the individuals core values. After identifying the best choice for all lenses the students choice was rated for risk. Concepts Relating to the Workplace A lifeguard on duty needs to be easily identifiable for that reason employers require uniforms. Lifeguards uniform includes a bathing suit or trunk at all times while on duty. Females have an option of wearing trunks and a shirt over the bathing suit. Males have the option of wearing a shirt. The facility sees approximately 1,200 patrons a day. The probability of sexual harassment in this environment is higher. There are employees under age working alongside employees who are much older. Some females expressed feeling uncomfortable in certain situations. These concerns were addressed immediately to protect the employee as well as the organization. It is a requirement for employees to attend regular training and meeting to discuss policies and procedures. In these meetings a manual is issued to employees stating policies, procedure, and legal rights. The protocols were outline for the individuals in case of any situation. In addition to employee trainings supervisors are sent to an additional management meeting. This meeting addressed how to follow proper protocol to protect the individual filling the report as well as the organization. Conclusion Knowledge is power and educating employees will reduce risk of ethical issues. In these simulations different ethical issues were addressed. The opportunity to view two different perspectives before making a decision is beneficial. This allows the decision maker to reduce risk and keep the best interest of all parties involved. Know that the decision maker will not only stay in one lens but also will mold, depending on the situation at hand. References EthicsGame (2012). Retrieved from http://ethicsgame.com/Exec/CorpGame/BairdDecisionModel.aspx

The story The Machine Stops relevancy to today Essay

The story The Machine Stops relevancy to today - Essay Example Vashti, the main character of the story, made a phone call to her son Kuno in which she could see the image of the son while they talked. In today’s society such a phone call is possible though video chat such as Skype or with the assistance of a smart phone. The machine in the story had impacted the way people lived so much that human had become isolated from each other. â€Å"People never touch one another† (Forster, 1909). Due to the fact that people lived in an airship most of humans never had visited earth. The machine provided people with everything they need which ended up taking away part of the humanity of people. In today’s society the technological advance that has changed a lot the way people interact with each other is the computer with internet capabilities. The internet has changed the way people do things. For example people nowadays shop a lot online instead of going to regular stores. In 2010 in the United States there was $151.1 billion worth o f e-commerce transactions (Plunkett Research, 2010). People use the computer for their socializing needs through popular friendship websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace. At the end of the first chapter of the story Vashti traveled outside the airship in a flying car that was in route to earth.

An Introduction to the Globalization Debate Essay

An Introduction to the Globalization Debate - Essay Example There are four different types and levels of economic integration. One of the most popular in the post-globalization era and generally perceived of as the first step towards eventual regionalization or the formation of a regional economic bloc is free trade agreements (Held and McGrew, 2003). As Hill (2007) clarifies, within the context of free trade agreements, all types of internal barriers to trade, or the movement of goods and services between member countries, is removed. While in FTAs member country set their own trade and economic policies with non-members, policies towards members are determined by the agreement in question. As far as the impact upon business and market relations is concerned, it is important to clarify that the said level of integration has tremendous benefits for member states and businesses within as it effectively expands the market. At the same time, competition over markets is intensified and, needless to say, if the member states in question are unequa l, this can be a disadvantage. In simpler terms, within the context of NAFTA, Mexican businesses have to compete with U.S. ones over both the regional and the domestic markets without the protection they were once afforded (within the home market) by tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. Custom Unions are a second type and level of integration. Custom union agreements replicate all of the characteristics of FTA’s but take integration one step further through the adoption of common policies towards non-member states. The European Union has its genesis in this type of integration. Taking the concept of economic integration characteristic of customs unions one step further, Common Markets allow the free movement of both labor and capital across national borders. Post-1992 EU is an example of this type of economic integration. Economic Unions, as in post-2002 European Union, constitutes a deep form of economic integration and benefits for member states are quite substantial. Economic Unions possess all the features of Common Markets but are further characterized by economic policy harmonization.

Tangible Property of Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tangible Property of Wal-Mart - Essay Example Similarly, the enactment of state and federal legislations that protected workers from workers exploitation led to a stronger employee’s awareness of their rights and duties. In the contemporary world, various governments have put in place adequate measures to ensure that employees are not under any form of discrimination. In cases of discrimination against color, region, nationality among others, strict measures should be taken on employers. Based on the emerging technology, it is significant for managers of small and large organisations to improve their security systems as a major way of protecting their tangible properties. This paper seeks to identify major employment relationships and their legal considerations, discrimination issues and their legal consideration as well as measures that a Wal-Mart manager should take to identify and protect the tangible property rights of his organisation. Employment relationships and associated the legal considerations One form of emplo yment relationship is permanent employment relationship. This refers to the arrangement whereby workers are compensated by their employers. In addition to the basic salaries, the employees are eligible to receive health care benefits, sick off and contribution to retirement plans among others. Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) is one of the legal consideration that established minimum wages and salaries for permanent employees (Burkhauser et al, 1989). In addition, the occupational Safety and Health Act is focused at promoting security within the work place. Private employment entails working arrangement whereby the employment relationship is between private employers and the workers. According to 1985 Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA), voluntary or involuntary termination of the employee’s duties should not deter him or her from continuing with his or her health insurance. Employees Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) is an additional regulation that se ek to prevent frauds within private pension funds. ERISA stipulates that the sponsoring employer cannot invest more than 10% of the pension’s funds in his or her securities. Discriminatory issues and the associated legal considerations One of the major types of employment discrimination is disparate-treatment. This is a situation whereby an employer discriminates a particular employee on the bases of his race, sex, religion or nationality. The second type of discrimination is the disparate-impact discrimination. This occurs when an employer discriminates against an entire protected class within the organization. For example, if a rule is set that all the sales executives should be 5.8 feet tall regardless of their gender, there is a possibility that more males will be hired as compared to females. This amounts to disparate-impact discrimination. Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating their employees on the basis of education, color and housing. Other aspects prohibited by the act include discrimination in hiring, promotion, payment of fringe benefits and job training Methods for managing legal risk arising from regulatory compliance issues

Coursework on back pain Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On back pain - Coursework Example Acute low back pain usually refers to a period of less than two to four weeks. There are various diagnostic groupings for patients with low back pain. The classifications center on clinical findings, history of patient and response to treatment. Mechanical causes involving the spine are the etiology for most patients with acute low back pain. This is because of the weak link between symptoms, examination results, and anatomic change. Diagnosis of non-mechanical causes such as an infection or cancer has greater certainty but signifies a small portion of acute low back in primary care (Willis, 1999). A patient’s history and physical examination largely determines the extent to which a caregiver searches for a precise diagnosis. History and physical examination helps identify patient’s exposure to the risk of low back pain and those with neurologic compromise that warrants thorough evaluation and treatment. Furthermore, history and physical examination of patients helps in identifying issues that may affect choice of therapy or prolong pain (Swezey, 2006). Clinicians should follow relevant guidelines to boost the appropriateness of diagnostic testing in primary evaluation of patients with acute low back pain. A short physical exam is necessary since most patients do not report all symptoms or other risk issues relating to the low back pain. For instance, for efficient assessment, patients should be standing for posture, flexibility, and spine symmetry. On the other hand, assessment of the hip for range motion and pain is necessary for back pain with groin symptoms (Waddell, 1996). History and physical examination also helps in identification of patients at high risk for persistent symptoms due to psychological and social factors. For instance, histories of depression, substance abuse, or socio-economic status are consistent with persistence of low back pain. Early identification of these factors can boost the outcome of care. Some strategies

The Proponents of the Monument to Forrest Research Paper

The Proponents of the Monument to Forrest - Research Paper Example Courts of law have held that it is up to the judicial system to decide if certain acts carried out in private capacity under the First Amendment are publicly acceptable. Court rulings provide that private acts under the First Amendment are acceptable as long as they do not encroach on the rights of other citizens (Mitchell). For example, a person can decide to shed their clothes in private, but this behaviour cannot take place in public since it leads to obscene behaviour. Under the First Amendment and the right to public expression, a person could theoretically shed their clothes and go public, but under court rulings, this has been exposed as public indecency (Mitchell). In the current situation, the monument to Forrest is being erected on private land, but this private land is publicly exposed to the town centre. The monument to Forrest would be clearly visible from the town centre, and so it would become a public affair. If Nathan Bedford Forrest was recognized as a hero by membe rs of all communities living in Selma, it would be acceptable to erect such a monument to pay homage. However, Forrest is a disputed personality in terms of his historical acceptability to various communities and may provoke outrage in African Americans living in the town. Erecting such a monument in Selma may lead to racial strife between black and anti-black groups, which may trigger violent outcomes. In order to prevent violence and racial friction, it would be pertinent to ensure that the monument to Forrest is not erected near major public centres.

Final BA420 paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final BA420 paper - Essay Example Due to this integral quality level 5 leadership is ranked at the highest level in the hierarchy of executive capabilities. The ranking of level 5 leadership above the all four levels of leadership indicates that a level 5 leader embody all the qualities of below 4 level. It means a level 5 leader would definitely be a highly capable individual focused towards contributing to the team resulting in him being a competent manager and an effective leader. However, besides all these qualities, he would possess the qualities of ferocious professional will, personal humility, and these two qualities are the core ingredient that makes an individual a level 5 leader. So much so that level 5 leadership is indicated through a formula as Humility + Will = Level 5 Leadership. These core ingredients of Level 5 Leadership are what make its different from all other leadership styles. All other leadership styles focus on the leader developing strong will to achieve the goals and on developing the abil ities to work along with the team while leading them but no other leadership style place its focus on humility of the leader like level 5 leadership do. ... n the next generation, comfortable with the idea that most people won’t even know the roots of that success traces back to their efforts.† This broad vision of a level 5 leader that is far beyond his personal gains and achievement is what makes this leadership style different and special. In addition, a leader of such vision is necessary and important for a company if it wishes to achieve a transaction from good to great because without such a leader a company will only be able to exhibit a consistent performance pattern instead of a growing one (Colllins,2001, pp.22). It can be summarized that a level 5 leader is an individual who is humble and modest in his dealing but with an unwavering resolve to make the company great with the confidence to share credit for success and accept blame for mistake. These individuals are disciplined and take responsibilities of their actions and concentrate on finding the right people to work with them so that they can setup a capable su ccessor for the organization. Section Two Jim Collins describes Colman Mockler, the CEO of Gillette from 1975-1991, as an example of level 5 leaders in his book â€Å"Good to Great†. Mockler served 17 years in financial administration of Gillette before being appointed as CEO and COO in 1976 by his predecessor Zielger. Although Mockler was very acumen in financial information and treasury of the company, he had not much experience to lead the company. That is why he had to â€Å"undergo a crash-training program on how to run the company and prove his leadership skills before Ziegler retired† (Mckibben, 2000, p 73-75). Mockler choose Stephens J Griffin, president of international division, as president to work along with him indicating his intend to continue with the geographical expansion started in

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 5

International Marketing - Essay Example I propose that the company starts operations in Dubai and later set footprints in other cities like Abu Dhabi and finally cover the other Emirates that make up UAE. My long term goal is for the company to have a strong brand presence in the Middle East and ultimately become the market leader in this potentially rewarding market. My main reason for choosing Dubai as the international market of choice is because of its strategic location in the Middle East, physical environment, income levels, population and industry conditions. According to Gilligan and Hird (1996), a strong economy is essential for the success of a company in the international market. A keen look at Dubai reveals that the city is one of the richest and it is also emerging as one of the most glamorous. Income levels are quite high and this is backed by a strong economy with plenty of oil and gas reserves. The tourism industry in Dubai is also blossoming and the real estate market is emerging as among the best in the world. The influx of foreign professionals mostly from the western countries has made the Dubai market suitable for investment. High income levels in particular present a very good opportunity for the company to increase its sales. Disposable income is quite high and taking into consideration that bottled water is a luxury, then this presents a market opportunity not to be missed. Availability of manpower is another factor that influenced my decision. Professionals around the world have made Dubai their home because of the quality of life it offers. The company will therefore have a wide pool of professional to choose from. Walsh (1993) points out that availability of qualified and affordable labour is a key ingredient for the success of a company on the international scene. The cost of labour is considerably low because of the large number of migrants who go to Dubai in search of jobs. This means that Highland Spring ltd will have access to not only qualified labour but also at an

Production Management Principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Production Management Principles - Assignment Example One of the early contributors towards the evolvement of scientific production management principles was F.W. Taylor. He put forward ideas and developed a theory of organization by which managers could optimize their production and increase efficiency. Till that point of time, there was no scientific back up for the workers engaged in production activity and the methods and tools that were used were outdated. In 1881, Taylor brought out a study on the science of metal cutting. (The Principles of Scientific Management 1910, 2005) Later on, different shovels were tested and the optimum shape of the shovel was designed which would allow the worker shovel without any hindrance for the entire day. This improved efficiency as the number of people required to do a certain kind of work like shovelling reduced considerably. Other areas of research included the moving of pig iron. If workers were usually moving 12.5 tonnes of pig iron per day, he conducted experiments which later on proved that given sufficient rest timings in between lifts, a certain percentage of people could transport 47.5 tonnes per day. This generated the idea that workers should be selected as to how they were suited for a particular job. 1. Each and every process was backed up with a scientific explanation. This provided for a comprehensive method of optimizing work efficiency rather than go by an outdated thumb rule. This is because each process has definite character constraints affected by geographical locations and work culture. 2. There should be a scientific method of selecting an individual to do a certain kind of work. After the right person has been selected proper training and guidance should be provided to make his transition into the job easier. There should always be development programmes to enhance his skills while on the job. 3. There should be a list of procedures laid down by the company commonly called QAP (Quality Assurance Procedures). These define the methods and the checklists to be followed while carrying out a certain procedure. The company should ensure that there is complete co-operation between the management and the employees when carrying out processes as per the QAP.

Developmental Paper Essay Example for Free

Developmental Paper Essay bstract The basis of this paper will outline the cognitive and personality development of a young adult female, identified as â€Å"Caroline.† This will be in contrast and comparison to Erikson’s Epigenetic Theory of Personality Development is Intimacy vs. Isolation and Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive development. The paper will address what outside factors influence the developing as well as nursing interventions that will help Caroline obtained optimal functioning for each appropriate developmental level according to Erikson and Piaget. Keywords: developmental, Erikson, Piaget, personality, cognitive, intimacy, isolation, formal operations The Developmental Level: For the purpose of this paper, I will identify the person I am outlining as â€Å"Caroline. † Caroline is a young adult. The developmental level during this stage of Erikson’s Epigenetic Theory of Personality Development is Intimacy vs. Isolation; the virtue being love. A normal adult in this stage will have a strong sense of self and be able to form intimate, close relationships with other individuals. Success in this stage will lead to strong committed relationships (Cherry). Erikson believed that a person must successfully complete one stage in order to complete the next. According to Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive development, Caroline is in the formal operations period. A normal young adult in this stage would manifest adult like thinking, is not limited by own perception or concrete references for ideas, combines various ideas into concepts, develops morality or restraint and cooperation in behavior, uses rules to structure interactions in a socially acceptable way, solves problems mentally and considers alternatives before acting, relates concepts o r constructs not readily evident in external world, increases intellectual ability to include art, science, humanities,  religion, and philosophy, and is increasingly less egocentric. Caroline is in her early adult hood years. A tremendous time for self-discovery, independence, and in some cases, loneliness. Caroline’s personality and cognitive development have blossomed in ways and have been hindered in others. This is due to many factors; biological, social, genetic, situational. The list goes on. One thing is certain, there is always a good reason why individuals do the thing they do. If we as people look beyond others actions and instead look at what causes their actions to manifest, I believe we would be much more accepting and less judgmental as a whole. Throughout this paper I will be discussing ways Caroline compares and contrasts to Piaget and Erikson’s theories, how this impacts her development, and nursing interventions that could help her through these stages. Compare and contrast: After careful observation of Caroline, it does not show evident that she has developed a true sense of self to be able to complete the stage of intimacy with another individual. Even with platonic friendships it seems that when her and an individual start to become close on more of a spiritual and emotional level, she retreats to isolation because she feels that she cannot trust herself or others. According to Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, I see that Caroline is mastering the formal operations period to a certain degree. In many ways Caroline would be a poster child for what an example of someone in the formal operations period would think like, and in other aspects of the period, she does not show to be operating in this period what so ever. Three examples of how Caroline compares to these levels would include the following: 1. When it comes to romantic relationships, Caroline strives for a deep emotional and physical connection with another human being. However, deep down she is unable to fully commit to another because she doesn’t have a clear understanding of who she is. Subconsciously, she gravitates towards men that are not emotionally available. This includes anyone who is in a relationship, is going to move away, or is obviously not interested in giving her a committed relationship. She wants the commitment, but she is used to men in her life not being available so she is drawn towards that because that is what she is used to. At the end of the day, this leaves Caroline frustrated and isolated. The  crisis between intimacy and isolation, according to Erikson, is clear in Caroline’s life. 2. Caroline is extremely cognitively driven, artistic with her words, and philosophical and spiritual with her beliefs. She looks beyond the world that is seen and challenges her way of thinking with the unseen world. She finds happiness through her writings and connections through spiritual conversation. This side of her is a small glimpse of her essence and what her inner being craves; to be emotionally, artistically, and spiritually stimulated. This very much so aligns with Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development. 3. A contrast to the Formal operations period is that she does not seem to solve problems mentally and considering alternatives before acting. Caroline bases a lot of her talk on impulsivity and is emotionally driven when making decisions. Caroline is a â€Å"feel good† kind of gal, and if it feels good in the moment, she will grab it. If it does not feel good, she will alter whatever her situation is to make herself feel good, no matter how bad or good the outcome will leave her. This contrasts with the norm because someone who is successfully mastering this stage would weigh the outcomes before acting, consider the outcomes, and go towards which action would better benefit their being as a whole. Even though Caroline knows something is hurting her, she will continue to repeat this action, hoping for a different outcome. This is mainly in regards to abusive relationships, but can be applied to the work place and friendships with other females. What Impacts Development Three factors that have or are currently affecting Caroline’s stage of development: 1. As I mentioned previously, it is vital for Caroline to develop and true sense of self before she can successfully build intimacy with other individuals. Caroline feels whole with her writings, and spending time with people who truly love her, but she has not fully embraced her inner being. From observation, Caroline has a very low self-esteem. She strives to please others. When others are pleased with her, she is pleased with herself. When others are no pleased with her, she will do what she can to reverse that opinion. She seeks to please others before pleasing herself and that is a clear manifestation of not having a concrete, strong sense of self. 2. Caroline is far away from her family, which live several states away. She stayed in the state she resides because of a romantic  relationship. This romantic relationship has ended. For Caroline, she does not have a firm sense of belonging a t her current location. Being away from loved ones and not having a steady partner can cause an individual to feel isolated and lonely. 3. I am not sure exactly what Caroline’s relationship with her father is or was like, but I would imagine it to be one of low emotional or spiritual connection. Her dad was most likely not a constant in her life and not available to her as a girl in was that she needed, but was not aware of. There is always a good reason why people do the things they do and I would not be taken a back if Caroline was this way with other men in her life because normal to her is not available. Her body, soul, and mind is used to inconsistency and has developed patterns within itself to be drawn to these inconsistencies and behaviors. It has also been shown that engaging in sexual activates with a partner before the proper time, especially before monogamy, can cause much inner turmoil and depression. Sexual activity must be performed in the right context in order for it to be beneficial for the human being. (Carter) Nursing interventions: 1. Before talking to Caroline, if she were my patient and I the nurse, I would first need to assess her physical and mental status. She would need to be fully alert and oriented in order to proceed with the nursing process. I would assess her level of consciousness and willingness to cooperate. I would need to assess her support system, whether it be family, friends, or coworkers. A strong support system is vital to growth and development in any stage of life. 2. In order for Caroline to be eager to listen to what have to offer and cooperate with enhancing her inner self, there would have to be established trust. I would do this by sharing intimate parts of my life and laying the foundation of a healthy, trustworthy relationship. There will be little to no willingness to exchange in such personal matters until trust between us is established. It will also make her much for comfortable to share intimate details of her life with me. 3. I would provide Caroline with therapeutic communic ation. This would include appropriate touch as much as she is comfortable with, paraphrasing, asking open ended questions that encourage communication, maintaining eye contact when appropriate, and not pushing situations when she does not feel at ease. These actions will hopefully cause Caroline to feel more comfortable to share thoughts,  feelings, and encouragement to implement action to better her inner self. 4. In order to master the stage of isolation, Caroline needs to be confident in herself and cater to her inner self. She needs to participate in activities that benefit her in a healthy way and bring healing to where she feels broken. I would encourage her to write in her journal for at least thirty min before she goes to bed. 5. I would encourage her to do simple things to increase healthy living. This would include waking up early, going to bed at a decent hour, getting adequate exercise, eating a diet high in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, and drinking plenty of water. I would encourage her to avoid alcohol and any other mind altering substances that cause her behavior to be irrational. Addressing the underlying cause of irrational behavior can be much more effective then addressing the irrational behavior as it self. 6. Because Caroline reaches for wholeness in sources that leave her feeling empty, I would ask Caroline to put herself first when she is seeking attention from empty sources. I would have her sit with herself and her emotions and work through them without desperately reaching out to things that cannot fulfill her. In order to be happy with someone else, it is vital that she become happy with herself. 7. Caroline loves to read and with this passion for books I would strongly suggest investing in self-help books that will mentally stimulate her to building a strong, happy inner self. There are so many self-help books that caters to every type of inner self difficulty and roads to self-discovery. Sometimes simply finding a book that speaks directly to your soul can bring some of the most healing and freedom. If Caroline were to follow these nursing interventions and invest whole heartedly to developing a strong inner being, I believe she would begin to see amazing results within a weeks’ time. Of course it would be a journey. Self-reflection is not always easy and can be hard, but in the end it is extremely rewarding. Coming face to face with our inner demons and conquering them is one of the best things you can do for yourself, future partner, and future children. In order to have healthy relationship you must be a healthy person and if Caroline wants to be healthy, she will be. References: Cherry, Kendra. Intimacy Versus Isolation Stage Six of Psychosocial Development. About.com Psychology. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014. Carter, Don. Intimacy Skills and Human Development Stages. Intimacy Skills and Human Development Stages. Internet of the Mind, n.d. Web. 03 June 2014.

Functions of Oral Communication

Functions of Oral Communication Communication is an important part of our daily lives. It mainly focusing on interact with any living organisms. We communicate with our self at different ages different time ways. Including with our family, friends, socially and professionally . Oral communication benefits business by providing them an outlet through which to explain to and instruct employees. It can be also used to provide clear direction. affirmation and the ability for leadership to upload company policy and mission. For example as what Carl Rogers (1952) one of the eminent psychologists of all time says. a real communication occurs when we listen with understanding to see the expressed idea and attitude from the other persons point of view, to sense how it feels to him, to achieve his frame of reference in regard to the things he is talking about. Elizabeth Tierney (1998) says, communication as a process which begin when you have a message that you want to deliver to an audience. Your audience receive the message, reacts to it and then responds to your message. That respond may lead you to react and give another message. This process may continue. The message can be an idea, a thought or feeling which we wish to share with others. It also can be shorter or lengthier with a important rules where there is a sender and a receiver. Julia T. Wood (2009) says, communication as a systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings. The important terms are process which is ongoing, continuous and always changing; systemic which happen within a system of interconnected parts that affect each other; symbols which represent things and meanings where any act of communication involves two essential aspects. Joseph Devito (2009) says, that communication take place when one person or more sends and receives message that are distorted by noise, occur within a context, have some effect, and provide some opportunity for feedback with some basic elements. These are context, source-receiver, messages, channels, noise and effects. Communication will successfully if the receiver received the message clearly in any form. See 3.0 1.1 Form, Function and Strategies in Oral Communication In this assignment I will be focusing on the discussion about how form, function and strategies are use in oral communication in the Malaysian context. 1.1.1 Form Form are important in oral communication on how to deliver a message. There proven to be 7 forms . Intrapersonal communication Interpersonal communication Small group communication Public communication Mass communication Corporate communication Intercultural communication 1.1.2 Function We can define function as a function or action or evaluating self act in a conversation. arguments or even self talk. Example : A : do you want to eat roti chanai ? B: i ate nasi lemak The function over here is B is rejecting . 1.1.3 Strategies Specifically focus on oral interaction and interlocutors negotiation behavior for coping with communication breakdowns. Strategies used for the purpose of the communication on how this use represented the extent of discourse in the oral proficiency tests. According to previous research dealing with transcription data analysis, strategies for communication have been listed as achievement and reduction strategies . When the speakers had difficulties expressing an thought or idea, they used strategies to give themselves a time frame to figure out . Example Strategy questionnaire as below : When I need to think of what to sayI use filler such as um.urh, welletc to gain time . When I have difficulty thinking of the right words, I let other say something first so that I use similar words to express my self. When I dont understand othersI request them to repeat those words to make sure my self I understand. 2.0 ORAL COMMUNICATION PROCESS 2.1 In oral communication, information, thoughts and ideas are conveyed via a spoken language in the following ways:- Face-to-face conversations; Meeting; Voice mail messages Teleconferencing; Oral presentations; and Public speaking. 2.2 We have 3 models of communication process where the sender and receiver communication take place . 2.2.1 Linear Model Its invole two people. Its a one-way communication process which require one person to acts on another person. its a straigh forward message transmit from a speaker to a listener . Shannon and Weavers model Laswells (1948) describe how communication works in five question Who said? What? In what channel? To whom? With what effect? 2.2.2 Interactive Model To be very shortFacebook and MSN are the examples of interactive model. This model can be focus as a succesesr for liner model which has greather chances of succesfull communication . 2.2.3 Transactional Model This is a excellant model for face to face communication which takes the effects of noisetimeand systems into consideration. Transactional Model can be define as ongoing and continously changing proess communication. In any form or forms of oral communication ( refer 3.0 )the 3 models and 6 elements are present directly and indirectly. 3.0 Form of oral communication Intrapersonal communication It is communicating your self .A internel dialoge for your self.A self talk most people say. Most of them bypass this process much of their stress in life is from a feeling of not having any control in their lives. Meditation prayer are part of this intrapersonal also. Interpersonal communication A simply any verbal or non verbal message transferred between people. Small group communication Its define as interpersonal communication within 3 or more persons. Communication is an important part of our daily lives. It mainly focusing on interact with any living organisms. We communicate with our self, at different age, different time ways. Including with our though, family, friends, socially and professionally . Oral communication benefits business by providing them an outlet through which to explain to and instruct employees. It can be also used to provide clear direction, affirmation and the ability for leadership to upload company policy and mission. For example as what Carl Rogers (1952) one of the eminent psychologists of all time says, a real communication occurs when we listen with understanding to see the expressed idea and attitude from the other persons point of view, to sense how it feels to him, to achieve his frame of reference in regard to the things he is talking about. Elizabeth Tierney (1998) says, communication as a process which begin when you have a message that you want to deliver to an audience. Your audience receive the message, reacts to it and then responds to your message. That respond may lead you to react and give another message. This process may continue. The message can be an idea, a thought or feeling which we wish to share with others. It also can be shorter or lengthier with a important rules where there is a sender and a receiver. Julia T. Wood (2009) says, communication as a systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings. The important terms are process which is ongoing, continuous and always changing; systemic which happen within a system of interconnected parts that affect each other; symbols which represent things and meanings where any act of communication involves two essential aspects. Joseph Devito (2009) says, that communication take place when one person or more sends and receives message that are distorted by noise, occur within a context, have some effect, and provide some opportunity for feedback with some basic elements. These are context, source-receiver, messages, channels, noise and effects. Communication will successfully if the receiver received the message clearly in any form. See 3.0 1.1 Form, Function and Strategies in Oral Communication In this assignment I will be focusing on the discussion about how form, function and strategies are use in oral communication in the Malaysian context. 1.1.1 Form Form are important in oral communication on how to deliver a message. There proven to be 7 forms . Intrapersonal communication Interpersonal communication Small group communication Public communication Mass communication Corporate communication Intercultural communication 1.1.2 Function We can define function as a function or action or evaluating self act in a conversation, arguments or even self talk. Example : A : do you want to eat roti chanai ? B: i ate nasi lemak The function over here is B is rejecting . 1.1.3 Strategies Specifically focus on oral interaction and interlocutors negotiation behavior for coping with communication breakdowns. Strategies used for the purpose of the communication on how this use represented the extent of discourse in the oral proficiency tests. According to previous research dealing with transcription data analysis, strategies for communication have been listed as achievement and reduction strategies . When the speakers had difficulties expressing an thought or idea, they used strategies to give themselves a time frame to figure out . Example Strategy questionnaire as below : When I need to think of what to say, I use filler such as um.urh, well, etc to gain time . When I have difficulty thinking of the right words, I let other say something first so that I use similar words to express my self. When I dont understand others, I request them to repeat those words to make sure my self I understand. 2.0 ORAL COMMUNICATION PROCESS 2.1 In oral communication, information, thoughts and ideas are conveyed via a spoken language in the following ways:- Face-to-face conversations; Meeting; Voice mail messages Teleconferencing; Oral presentations; and Public speaking. 2.2 We have 3 models of communication process where the sender and receiver communication take place . 2.2.1 Linear Model Its invole two people. Its a one-way communication process which require one person to acts on another person. its a straigh forward message transmit from a speaker to a listener . Shannon and Weavers model Laswells (1948) describe how communication works in five question Who said? What? In what channel? To whom? With what effect? 2.2.2 Interactive Model To be very short, Facebook and MSN are the examples of interactive model. This model can be focus as a succesesr for liner model which has greather chances of succesfull communication . 2.2.3 Transactional Model This is a excellant model for face to face communication which takes the effects of noise, time, and systems into consideration. Transactional Model can be define as ongoing and continously changing proess communication. In any form or forms of oral communication ( refer 3.0 ), the 3 models and 6 elements are present directly and indirectly. 3.0 Form of oral communication Intrapersonal communication It is communicating your self .A internel dialoge for your self.A self talk most people say. Most of them bypass this process much of their stress in life is from a feeling of not having any control in their lives. Meditation prayer are part of this intrapersonal also. Interpersonal communication A simply any verbal or non verbal message transferred between people. Small group communication Its define as interpersonal communication within 3 or more persons. Public communication According to Wikipedia, Public Communication is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence or entertain the listeners . Mass communication A communication thru radio, broadcast news paper to reach the wide population. Corporate communication; Communication that takes place among members of an organization, within that building or organization. Intercultural communication. Communication between people of diverse cultures and ethnicity. A process of exchanging meaningful and unambiguous information across cultural boundaries. I will mainly will be elaborating about Interpersonal communication, Small group communication Public Communication. See below 3.1 Interpersonal communication What is the ONE skill required of almost every job at online career? Basic interpersonal communication such as a good intrapersonal communication, listening, language, emotions, non-verbal communication, communication climate, and others which this skills will make you excellent at being as a good friend, good spouse, good employee and boss. By learning all them and putting them into practice as often as possible to become excellent at interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication involves a close group of participants such as the everyday conversations you carry on. Interpersonal communication involves face to face encounters which you get the immediate communication. It also includes speeches, general friendly exchanges, arguments and basically anytime you speak to someone. Many variations make interpersonal communication flexibility important for difference circumstances. We use interpersonal communication to learn new information such as when asking questions. Plus, we use it to share information such as when telling a story. Even to define yourself in a speech. We do learn about different cultures and languages through interpersonal communication as well. Interpersonal communication is very indeed important since it develop our self throughout the stages of life.You learn, teach and get an identity. You get so many things to share to others who you are. Basically learn how to pronounce words correctly and to speak properly in certain situation and how to communicate in general. In recent years, interpersonal communication has taken back seat compare to other forms since more people are in to using social networks to exchange information and contacts. Basically develop your interpersonal communication skills for success at work and at home. 3.2 Small group communication Interpersonal communication define as within 3 or more persons. People join groups for variety of reasons. Some group members are motivated by task concerns and others are motivated by interpersonal attraction to other group of members. There is a phrase, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts , which also refers to group synergy. A group synergy refers to the idea that two heads or more are better then one. A group communication will increase the ability to perform more and multiple work which provide encouragement and support to its members within a project .This may lead to promote the interpersonal relationships between the group members. Individuals often join a team or group to meet their interpersonal needs. Self Control is needed to exercise leadership and prove ones abilities. Some person do not want to be a leader. So, group communication is the necessary control over aspects of their lives.Take note that groups are an excellent way to make friends We can split group communication into various types of groups. Social Groups This group is predominantly social in their orientation such as families and social clubs. Basically its provide for our safety and solidarity needs and they help to develop self-esteem. Work Groups This group work to complete a particular task. Their expertise is counted to full fill the mission or task. There are several work groups such as workplaces, campus organizations or juries. An example of this will be assembly line which each worker performs tasks to build a complete car. A group members must be able to communicate freely and openly with all of the other members of the group. A group must have a common purpose or goal so that they must work together to achieve that goal. Basically a goal bring the team together. 3.3 Public Communication According to Wikipedia, Public Communication is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence or entertain the listeners . Skill in public speaking is important. No matter what your career choice, most collage graduates enter occupations that require some form of speaking before groups.Culture affects the way people use, present and regards public speaking. Public Communication usually dificult for most people and effective public speaking is a skill which must be learned. Not only do you listen in person, but receive information via technology. We hear speeches on television and radio.The basic components of public communication process are the source and the code, perceptions and attitudes, message, channel, receiver, feedback, noise and environment . Audience awarness is very important when its comes to public communication .Its the ability to ensure that your communication level is interactive towards the listeners. Self-centered is very importand. Public comunication can be define as public speaking as well. It can consider as fear for most of the people. But with proper preparation, anyone can make it happen. Few tips to be a good public communicator or public speaker. Dress for success. Be with good packaging such as dress code. Better to overdressd than undredressed. It definatly will enchance your image. Prepare a great intro and closing. Practice till you even can say them forward and backward. A great start with some humor or short story will definatly works. Try to filter out the ah ,Mmmm the presentation. It will annoy or will definalty will give uncomfertable reaction to the audience. To skip this try to join the local Toastmasters international club. Try to build your presentation in to an easy format to follow. Flip chat with key point works better on this .A handouts where participants can follow the topic that you will cover will works as well. Time is the most important element in public communication. Sharp with point with proper timing will always lead to a great opening and ending. Rehearse as much as you can. Always keep eye contact with the audience. Try to find some smiling audience. Move from one to one. Its a rewarding expriences when its comes to public communication. Its boots everything up. 4.0 Conclusion Oral communication is the most important component in any area such as business, relationship, family, work and etc. Without it interaction is almost imposible. Oral communication skills are crucial in handeling with others, and this is proven in any situation. As we in malaysia, there are some example of our everyday oral communication as Manglish . Originated from English, malay, hokkian, mandarin and tamil. We intend to add Lah in all the words as below. Come one lah, see how lah and etc. Got or not Means, do you have it ? When ah? Who ah? Where ah? in rising ahs mean respectively When? Who? Where? It noted that we shoud start a good proper words to correct us for a better future with better oral language in communication. Public communication According to Wikipedia, Public Communication is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence or entertain the listeners . Mass communication A communication thru radio, broadcast news paper to reach the wide population. Corporate communication; Communication that takes place among members of an organization, within that building or organization. Intercultural communication. Communication between people of diverse cultures and ethnicity. A process of exchanging meaningful and unambiguous information across cultural boundaries. I will mainly will be elaborating about Interpersonal communication, Small group communication Public Communication. See below 3.1 Interpersonal communication What is the ONE skill required of almost every job at online career? Basic interpersonal communication such as a good intrapersonal communication, listening, language, emotions, non-verbal communication, communication climate, and others which this skills will make you excellent at being as a good friend, good spouse, good employee and boss. By learning all them and putting them into practice as often as possible to become excellent at interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication involves a close group of participants such as the everyday conversations you carry on. Interpersonal communication involves face to face encounters which you get the immediate communication. It also includes speeches, general friendly exchanges, arguments and basically anytime you speak to someone. Many variations make interpersonal communication flexibility important for difference circumstances. We use interpersonal communication to learn new information such as when asking questions. Plus, we use it to share information such as when telling a story. Even to define yourself in a speech. We do learn about different cultures and languages through interpersonal communication as well. Interpersonal communication is very indeed important since it develop our self throughout the stages of life.You learn, teach and get an identity. You get so many things to share to others who you are. Basically learn how to pronounce words correctly and to speak properly in certain situation and how to communicate in general. In recent years, interpersonal communication has taken back seat compare to other forms since more people are in to using social networks to exchange information and contacts. Basically develop your interpersonal communication skills for success at work and at home. 3.2 Small group communication Interpersonal communication define as within 3 or more persons. People join groups for variety of reasons. Some group members are motivated by task concerns and others are motivated by interpersonal attraction to other group of members. There is a phrase, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts , which also refers to group synergy. A group synergy refers to the idea that two heads or more are better then one. A group communication will increase the ability to perform more and multiple work which provide encouragement and support to its members within a project .This may lead to promote the interpersonal relationships between the group members. Individuals often join a team or group to meet their interpersonal needs. Self Control is needed to exercise leadership and prove ones abilities. Some person do not want to be a leader. So, group communication is the necessary control over aspects of their lives.Take note that groups are an excellent way to make friends We can split group communication into various types of groups. Social Groups This group is predominantly social in their orientation such as families and social clubs. Basically its provide for our safety and solidarity needs and they help to develop self-esteem. Work Groups This group work to complete a particular task. Their expertise is counted to full fill the mission or task. There are several work groups such as workplaces, campus organizations or juries. An example of this will be assembly line which each worker performs tasks to build a complete car. A group members must be able to communicate freely and openly with all of the other members of the group. A group must have a common purpose or goal so that they must work together to achieve that goal. Basically a goal bring the team together. 3.3 Public Communication According to Wikipedia, Public Communication is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence or entertain the listeners . Skill in public speaking is important. No matter what your career choice, most collage graduates enter occupations that require some form of speaking before groups.Culture affects the way people use, present and regards public speaking. Public Communication usually dificult for most people and effective public speaking is a skill which must be learned. Not only do you listen in person, but receive information via technology. We hear speeches on television and radio.The basic components of public communication process are the source and the code, perceptions and attitudes, message, channel, receiver, feedback, noise and environment . Audience awarness is very important when its comes to public communication .Its the ability to ensure that your communication level is interactive towards the listeners. Self-centered is very importand. Public comunication can be define as public speaking as well. It can consider as fear for most of the people. But with proper preparation, anyone can make it happen. Few tips to be a good public communicator or public speaker. Dress for success. Be with good packaging such as dress code. Better to overdressd than undredressed. It definatly will enchance your image. Prepare a great intro and closing. Practice till you even can say them forward and backward. A great start with some humor or short story will definatly works. Try to filter out the ah ,Mmmm the presentation. It will annoy or will definalty will give uncomfertable reaction to the audience. To skip this try to join the local Toastmasters international club. Try to build your presentation in to an easy format to follow. Flip chat with key point works better on this .A handouts where participants can follow the topic that you will cover will works as well. Time is the most important element in public communication. Sharp with point with proper timing will always lead to a great opening and ending. Rehearse as much as you can. Always keep eye contact with the audience. Try to find some smiling audience. Move from one to one. Its a rewarding expriences when its comes to public communication. Its boots everything up. 4.0 Conclusion Oral communication is the most important component in any area such as business, relationship, family, work and etc. Without it interaction is almost imposible. Oral communication skills are crucial in handeling with others, and this is proven in any situation. As we in malaysia, there are some example of our everyday oral communication as Manglish . Originated from English, malay, hokkian, mandarin and tamil. We intend to add Lah in all the words as below. Come one lah, see how lah and etc. Got or not Means, do you have it ? When ah? Who ah? Where ah? in rising ahs mean respectively When? Who? Where? It noted that we shoud start a good proper words to correct us for a better future with better oral language in communication.

Saving behaviour of Malaysian university students

Saving behaviour of Malaysian university students The purpose of doing this research is to determine the factors that influence the saving behavior towards private and public university students in Malaysia. There is an introduction regarding the research background about the factors influence the saving behavior towards private and public university students in Malaysia. For information, it determines the objectives of entire research and also justifies significant of research which outlines the purpose of this research. In addition, it also provided the definition for important terms throughout the research. With the rapid development of the financial system and the broader array of financial products and services available to consumers, there is an increasing need for Malaysians to make wise savings and investment decisions that will have lasting implications for their financial well-being. Due to the many peoples lack of the skill to manage their financial status, financial problems increase day by day. As a result, the understanding of the important of saving behavior and a clear picture of this matter is an important element to us. We are required to get a full answer from the problem. Previously there are a lot of researches had been done by other researcher. However, the studied is not well enough to give an insight or the key for the problem. The research is going to identify research problems by gathering all relevant and appropriate sources to support the statements and see how other researchers have perceived regarding the topic area. All data collected from previous studies are used to demonstrate the relationship between independent and dependent variables and it will show how independent variables make impact on the dependent variable. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.2 Independent Variables 2.2.1 Demographic Factors Soo (2009) explained that demographic variables played a significant role in explaining attitude toward saving. However, when demographic variables were not considered, characteristics of saving goals and individual regulatory orientation were significantly related to attitude toward saving. In addition, the effect of saving goals was moderated by a households regulatory orientation. Moreover, it was concluded that saving goals affect attitude towards saving and saving behavior among peoples. Based on Jehad (2007), understanding the demographic problem behind the saving patterns is benefits for designing effective public policy. Age According with Joe, Hadley Balasundram (2002), many college students were unworried about their own financial status, future wealth, and retirement planning. Thus, the attitudes of the preschool children toward saving can consider an important personal characteristic because it may give an impact to them for their future life. (John Andrew, 2002). Nowadays young generation have low level of financial literacy, which due to their uncontrolled expenditure behavior. In the advancing ages, it would be quite difficult for an individual to develop the habit of systematic manage their financial planning (Pillai, Rozita Rachel, 2010). Due to the age factor, youth lack of the skill of financial literacy compared to middle-aged and older adults who have more experienced in financial planning (Pillai et. al., 2010). Besides, based on Elsa, Annamaria Chiara (2009), older individuals may have little discretionary saving the reason is because the amount of saving is already providing for their future retirement needs. From the research of Mohamad Maurice (2010), students who had late enrolled in their childhood consumer experience were considerably less likely to report financial problems. Moreover, Students are never required to educate themselves on personal finance. Once they enter the workforce, they will likely not take the time to become more financially literate and will not adequately prepare for their retirement (Chris Oliver, 2011). In contrast, the younger generation and the elderly save very little primarily due to their lower income, respectively. Thus, the life cycle hypothesis implies that private saving rises with a higher percentage of the working population, and falls with a higher percentage of the younger generation and aging population .According to the life cycle hypothesis, the middle age groups were categories to be the best in managing their saving. The life cycle hypothesis also suggests that young and old groups are the least likely to save because of their situation (Jehad 2007). A positive relationship between age and saving has been reported in many studies (Chang, 1994; Johnson Widdows, 1985; Browning Lusardi, 1996). Browning andLusardi documented a complex relationship between age and saving. Using crosssectional data, they concluded that elderly savings can be complicated by a cohort effect. Generally, people reaching maturity at different times might vary their attitude toward risk and borrowing, consequently affecting their saving rate. Using panel data, Hurd (1990) reported a decline in wealth among the elderly, suggesting a negative relationship between age and saving. Other studies compared the actual saving rate of different age groups with the expected saving rate based on economic models. Browning and Crossley (2001) concluded that while the elderly dissave, their actual dissaving rate is not as large as that predicted by an economic model. Avery and Kennickell (1991) found that age groups older than 65 saved more than what would be expected ba sed on an economic model. Gender According with Maria Stephanie (2002), studies in the field of psychometrics had found out that female attitude toward risk differs from male and demonstrates that gender is a powerful determinant of risk attitudes and judgments. The Study of John Andrew (2002) had show that the mothers attitudes are systematically both more important and than man. It can be said that female students were more likely to engage in savings behavior than male students (Maria et. al., 2002) In addition, according from Mohamad, Maurice, Jariah, Tahira Mohd (2008), female students had greater financial well-being than male students. From Angela, Urvi Erik (2008), it stated that women wealth has historically been lower than men. Moreover, the results of the current study had showed that there has an existing of the differences within saving behaviors between men and women (Angela et. al., 2008). Patti (2010) had reported that women who were in poor health condition were seldom to make their saving in the short period, while poor health condition did not significantly influence the short term saving of men. Furthermore, Patti et. al., (2010) has shown that the economic wellbeing and financial behaviors of male and female differ significantly. Female hold lower levels of wealth and have significantly lower earnings than male. Gender based differences in behavior that are systematic and widespread can influence consumptions, savings, investment and the level of risk taking at aggregate level were mentioned by (Szekeres et. al., 2010). The researches on developing countries proved that women may have a stronger preference than men for buying goods and services that contribute to the human capital of their children, such as food, education, and health care (Valeria, 2010). The study of Szekeres (2010) show that the term of gender refers to socially learned behaviors that are associated with females and males. Parents Marital Status David (2010) the analysis indicates that marital-status transitions play an important role that can impacts on personal saving decisions especially in the cases of widowhood and divorce. It stated that, when people get married, form a family, or separate through divorce or widowhood, they can experience dramatic changes in their financial positions. Therefore, the marital status and children almost certainly affect household resources, preferences, and background risk, and these elements lie at the heart of any analysis of optimal asset allocation and wealth buildup over the life cycle. In addition, households experience an increase in wealth due to the merging of the spouses assets after they marriage. Moreover, household heads of each gender must engage one of five states at the beginning of each age. They can be married, divorced, widowed, never married, or deceased. According to Berkay (2010), it suggested that the legalization of divorce led to a significant increase in the propensity to save by married individuals, which is consistent with individuals saving more as a response to the increase in the probability of marital breakup. Moreover, from the same research, some theoretical work has made a challenge to introduce marriage and divorce explicitly in a model of savings. It argued that different channels through which marital transitions can have an effect on consumption and savings. Avery and Kennickell (1991) reported that during a three-year period the wealth of those married or single (for the entire period) increased, which indicated saving. However, wealth decreased for those whose status changed between 1983 and 1986. Rha, Montalto, and Hanna (2006) discovered that households with single heads and children, households with married heads and children, and households with single female heads without children were less likely to save, relative to households with single male heads without children. Households with children tend to save less (Douthitt Fedyk, 1989; Bosworth et al. 1991; Browning Crossley, 2001; Freyland, 2004; Deaton, 2005). Ethnicity According to Yusof, Erik Bart (2000), there were large fraction of the ethnic Malay work in low-wage industries, whereas the ethnic Chinese and Indians frequently work in high-wage industries. For information, Mohamad Maurice (2010) were found that it has a negative coefficient indicating that Chinese students were substantially less likely to have effective financial behavior than the reference category such as Malay, Indian and others. Perry and Morris (2005) used data from the 1999 Freddie Mac Consumer Credit Survey to examine responsible financial behaviors, such as saving money. They found low-income African Americans were more likely to engage in responsible financial behaviors than their low-income White counterparts. The research did not find a significant interaction effect between race and income with respect to responsible financial behaviors for the Asian and Hispanic groups. Rha, Montalto, and Hanna (2006) found that households with a White respondent were more likely to save than those with Black or Hispanic respondents. They also found that Black households were significantly less likely to save than White households. However, Hogarth and Anguelov (2003) found that Hispanics were more likely than Whites to be savers. Their results showed no differences among Blacks, Whites, and other races in likelihood of being a saver. 2.1.2 Family Structure An additional child might cause a negative influence on a familys ability to save while. On the other hand, it may boost up the parents desire to save more (Tim, Sandra, Roslyn, Robert, 2006). The studies of Kathy (2009) had mentioned that the geographical redistribution of financial infrastructure, away from lower income communities, has resulted in geographical pockets of financial exclusion, economic decline, poverty and deprivation, as low-income households often do not have access to financial institutions and savings incentives. Additionally, low-income consumers often have to suffice with lower quality goods and services. They may have no choice but to purchase second hand goods, an option that is almost always viewed as second best (Joseph et. al., 2009). Besides, Additionally one can speculate about whether students from wealthy families might have had more and earlier consumer experience and greater financial socialization, so that those who scored higher on those predictors might also be able to rely more on their parents to assist them after graduation (Mohamad Maurice,2010) From the research of John Andrew (2002), it shows that parents wealth residuals are correlated to childrens wealth residuals. In other words, parents who save more than expected are more likely to have children who also save more than expected even after controlling for parental wealth. In addition, the first prediction of the model of the research were the savings behavior of children should be similar to that of their parents, controlling for income, age and other demographic variables. Thus, children observe parents consumption and planning behavior and may learn, or simply absorb, particular attitudes that affect savings behavior. Furthermore, homogeneity within communities and heterogeneity across communities could lead to relationships between parents and childrens behaviors. In between, the parental wealth may have direct effects on childrens behavior. Household income or lifetime earnings are positively associated with increases in household savings (Browning Lusardi, 1996; Chang, 1994; Rha, Montalto, Hanna, 2006; Hurd Zissimopoulus, 2003). Perry and Morris (2005) found that people with higher incomes were more likely to engage in responsible financial management behaviors, such as saving money. Avery and Kennickell (1991) reported that individuals with incomes more than $50,000 saved more than economic theory would suggest. Chang (1994) noted that income had a positive effect on saving. Rha, Montalto, and Hanna (2006) found a positive relationship between household income and the probability of saving. Browning and Lusardi (1996) noted that households with greater income uncertainty possessed higher savings from current income. 2.2 Spending Pattern Pillai et. al., 2010 With availability of generous pocket money, personal credit cards, access to credit cards of family members or high-paid jobs at prime age, young people are faster becoming impulsive spenders and prove reckless often. Moreover, strategic marketers are designing products and services targeting young generation. With the ease of information access through the Internet and web technology, marketers have managed to capture a significant market of youth through online store sales. In the Asian subcontinent, new trends in fashion, electronic gadgets, sports, video games, mall culture and music are important contributors to wasteful spending among the youth. Most of todays young adults, although smart and independent, scarcely understand the value of money because of the desire to adopt extravagant lifestyles, in addition the above mentioned factors. Young adults under the age of 30 are now the fastest growing age group filing for bankruptcy. Besides, evidences show tha t college students tend to spend their discretionary income on instant gratification of their wants rather than save money for their further education. Hibbert, Beutler Martin (2004) examine the influence of parental financial prudence on the attitude and behaviors of the next generation toward their finances. The study underscores the importance of family atmosphere to inculcate the necessity of being rational in personal financial management from the very early life of a person. Moreover, keeping personal financial records makes one to keep track of his or her various expenses and also develop the qualities of a cautious spender because one is constantly aware of how much he/she has spent probably during the last week, month or year. For information, spending in excess of their earnings is one of the most common problems faced by young adults today. The youth are following the I want philosophy, that is, they are more interested in accumulating material possessions than saving money and this leads to the domino effect of making impulsive purchasing decisions resulting in overspending and shortage of money. In addition, credit car d use habit has grown phenomenally among young adults. This increase in the number of youth holding credit cards and incurring credit card debt has generated concern that these young people are over extended and unaware of the long-term consequences associated with severe indebtedness. Moreover, John Andrew (2002) had mentioned that children are always be able to observe parents spending and planning behavior and learn the behavior from them. Mohamad Maurice (2010) stated that more than half of the respondents did not save any money when they received their scholarship or education loan. More than half of the students used their money for shopping. The data showed that 45 percent of them spent all their money before the end of the semester. 2.3 Educational Qualification It is obvious that people who are educated would be more aware about their future life. Thus, the important on saving might be one of the factors that make them taking into their consideration (Joseph, Clifford Annette, 2011). In addition, Masud, Husniyah, Laily, Sonya (2004) had pointed out that it is possible for educators to offer a course that teaches the financial skills necessary to overcome the financial problems among university students. For information, John Marco (2000) explored that the parents education levels would have a causal effect on childs education. Moreover, Mohamad Maurice (2010) stated that those students with higher financial knowledge were more likely to engage in saving behavior. Furthermore, the research said that the college-educated parents are strongly associated with higher residuals, it may effect that survives controlling for wealth (John Andrew 2002). Angela, Urvi Erik (2008) predictable a bargaining model of household saving behavior and found out those households where the husband had more education than the wife had lower levels of net worth. Higher rates of tertiary education which could perhaps be counted as another form of investment have also contributed to increasing debt (Janice,2007) 2.4 Sibling Rank Keister (2003) found that the number of siblings a person has is a significant predictor of the importance one places on saving for retirement. The more siblings one has, the less time each child has devoted exclusively to them from their parents. Parents with more children tend to save less and have less time to educate each child about saving. Also, the more siblings one has the less likely their parents are to pay for college, give them a car, or put the down payment on their first home. This causes them to have to pay for these items with no financial assistance from their parents. They are forced to start their finances off in debt and once someone is in debt, they often remain there for the rest of their lives. In addition, the more siblings one has the less likely they are to receive an inheritance when their parents pass away. In addition, it also finds that overall, the more siblings one has the less wealth accumulation they are likely to achieve. 2.5 Place of Origin Masud, Husniyah, Laily Sonya (2004) had mentioned that when the place of origin was compared, a higher percentage of those from rural areas reported experiencing more problems compared to those from urban areas. Students from rural areas may have a limited amount of resources in comparison to urban area students. Soo(2009). A students residential status can also influence the problems he or she faces. A higher percentage of those living off campus did not have sufficient money to last until the end of semester compared to those living on campus. Students living off campus spend more money on items that students on campus do not have to pay for, such as gasoline for commuting. Yet, a higher percentage of students living on campus reported skipping meals to save money. Since their money was not sufficient to last until the end semester, several students have to borrow money from friends. Thirty percent of males and no females indicated that they plan to pay off their debt when they get the money.

Essay example --

The internet is a system where the global network of computers are connected by having constant sending and receiving of data using the transmission control protocol or internet protocol as a channel (Team, 2012) (Apache). Internet is also known as a virtual space where people can retrieve information, communicate with others around the world and many other activities, especially the baby boomers and the generation X. Baby boomers are people born between the year 1946 to the year of 1964 (Library, 2013); while generation X are individuals born in between the years of 1966 to 1976 (Schroer). They are the group of people where they face troubles and problems in adapting towards the internet technology. The following paragraphs will be their struggles and also the ways to help them adopting the internet technology. As people grow older, their ability of learning new things tends to slow down. Thus due to their gradually slowing learning pace, the baby boomers and the generation X are experiencing hard times to adopt with the new technologies. This is a situation and a fact that is unable to avoid because this is human nature. Even if they tried to learn a new technology, before they could even fully learn it, another new technology will be invented. The baby boomers and the generation X just could not follow the fast pace of changes in the technology world. Though their learning pace is slowing down it does not mean they do not have the ability to learn at all. If they are willing to learn and hardworking enough, they can still be able to cope with the new technology. To the baby boomers and the generation X who always feels that the current style is the best; they will be using the basic model cell phones. This is because to them,... ...nformation is needed, such as online bank transferring website can strengthen the security of their webpages. This can boost the confidence level of the baby boomers and the generation X towards internet banking and increase the sense of reliability of online banking, which can then benefit both parties. Inform the baby boomers and generation X about the advantages and the usefulness of password, where it acts as the key to access the information stored online and it also can actually protect leaking of information to others. In conclusion, the baby boomers and generation X are having difficult times in handling the non-stop developing technology field. Many of them do not have the ability to or a chance to have contact with the technology. Things need to be done to help them to cope with the new technology so that they will not be left out from the modern society. Essay example -- The internet is a system where the global network of computers are connected by having constant sending and receiving of data using the transmission control protocol or internet protocol as a channel (Team, 2012) (Apache). Internet is also known as a virtual space where people can retrieve information, communicate with others around the world and many other activities, especially the baby boomers and the generation X. Baby boomers are people born between the year 1946 to the year of 1964 (Library, 2013); while generation X are individuals born in between the years of 1966 to 1976 (Schroer). They are the group of people where they face troubles and problems in adapting towards the internet technology. The following paragraphs will be their struggles and also the ways to help them adopting the internet technology. As people grow older, their ability of learning new things tends to slow down. Thus due to their gradually slowing learning pace, the baby boomers and the generation X are experiencing hard times to adopt with the new technologies. This is a situation and a fact that is unable to avoid because this is human nature. Even if they tried to learn a new technology, before they could even fully learn it, another new technology will be invented. The baby boomers and the generation X just could not follow the fast pace of changes in the technology world. Though their learning pace is slowing down it does not mean they do not have the ability to learn at all. If they are willing to learn and hardworking enough, they can still be able to cope with the new technology. To the baby boomers and the generation X who always feels that the current style is the best; they will be using the basic model cell phones. This is because to them,... ...nformation is needed, such as online bank transferring website can strengthen the security of their webpages. This can boost the confidence level of the baby boomers and the generation X towards internet banking and increase the sense of reliability of online banking, which can then benefit both parties. Inform the baby boomers and generation X about the advantages and the usefulness of password, where it acts as the key to access the information stored online and it also can actually protect leaking of information to others. In conclusion, the baby boomers and generation X are having difficult times in handling the non-stop developing technology field. Many of them do not have the ability to or a chance to have contact with the technology. Things need to be done to help them to cope with the new technology so that they will not be left out from the modern society.

Wilfred Owen :: essays research papers

Does Owens poetry do more than offer the reader an insight into the horrors of war? Discuss with reference to at least two poems. Wilfred Owen is arguable the greatest of the world war one poets. This is a man who through personal experience offers us not only insight into the astrocities of war but also illustrates the struggle of nature and the mental state these men cross into on the battle field. In ‘Spring Offensive’, Owen mixes the ideas of war and nature in a conversational tone unlike ‘Futility’ in which Owen questions the pointlessness of war and religion in this compact poem. Owen shows us the physical horrors of war very effectively yet his poems stretch beyond that and delve into the unspoken shames where life itself is questioned. Owen’s poem the Spring Offensive explores the unnatural offensive of war against spring or nature. Opening with ‘Halted against the shade of a last hill’ Owen suggests both the calmness of the ‘shade’ and the deadly implication of ‘last’. The horror of war is not only the ‘hot blast and fury of Hells upsurge’ of stanza 6 but also ‘the sun, like a friend with whom their love is done’ of stanza 4. Written in a conversational tone, Spring Offensive illustrates the physical horrors of the men experienced in war as they ‘leapt to swift unseen bullets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.or plunged and fell away past the world verge.’ The oxymoron in stanza 7 ‘superhuman inhumanities’ , the fantastic acts of horror, implies in war that hero and the devil are one and the same. Yet although Owen gives us insight into such horrors he does much more in his questioning of god and his imagery of nature in projecting the feelings of men at war. As it is said ‘nothing concentrates a mans mind more than his own execution’ ‘to face the stark blank sky beyond the ridge’ suggests the questionable future namely the heavens and god. This imagery is continued in stanza 5 with the double meaning of ‘earth set sudden cups in thousands for their blood which implies not only the literal meaning of the craters but the cup of Christ or religion. Owen suggests that god and nature had set a trap, for just as the soldiers had turned their back on nature and religion so too had god and nature rejected the soldiers. Owen’s imagery of nature is particually imminent in ‘Spring Offensive’. Wilfred Owen :: essays research papers Does Owens poetry do more than offer the reader an insight into the horrors of war? Discuss with reference to at least two poems. Wilfred Owen is arguable the greatest of the world war one poets. This is a man who through personal experience offers us not only insight into the astrocities of war but also illustrates the struggle of nature and the mental state these men cross into on the battle field. In ‘Spring Offensive’, Owen mixes the ideas of war and nature in a conversational tone unlike ‘Futility’ in which Owen questions the pointlessness of war and religion in this compact poem. Owen shows us the physical horrors of war very effectively yet his poems stretch beyond that and delve into the unspoken shames where life itself is questioned. Owen’s poem the Spring Offensive explores the unnatural offensive of war against spring or nature. Opening with ‘Halted against the shade of a last hill’ Owen suggests both the calmness of the ‘shade’ and the deadly implication of ‘last’. The horror of war is not only the ‘hot blast and fury of Hells upsurge’ of stanza 6 but also ‘the sun, like a friend with whom their love is done’ of stanza 4. Written in a conversational tone, Spring Offensive illustrates the physical horrors of the men experienced in war as they ‘leapt to swift unseen bullets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.or plunged and fell away past the world verge.’ The oxymoron in stanza 7 ‘superhuman inhumanities’ , the fantastic acts of horror, implies in war that hero and the devil are one and the same. Yet although Owen gives us insight into such horrors he does much more in his questioning of god and his imagery of nature in projecting the feelings of men at war. As it is said ‘nothing concentrates a mans mind more than his own execution’ ‘to face the stark blank sky beyond the ridge’ suggests the questionable future namely the heavens and god. This imagery is continued in stanza 5 with the double meaning of ‘earth set sudden cups in thousands for their blood which implies not only the literal meaning of the craters but the cup of Christ or religion. Owen suggests that god and nature had set a trap, for just as the soldiers had turned their back on nature and religion so too had god and nature rejected the soldiers. Owen’s imagery of nature is particually imminent in ‘Spring Offensive’.